Difference between revisions of "Archive:Asakan language"
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
=== | ===Noun=== | ||
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==== | ====Plurality==== | ||
Monyo nouns are inflected solely for plurality. Many irregular forms exist, especially due to loaned words and neologisms. | Monyo nouns are inflected solely for plurality. Many irregular forms exist, especially due to loaned words and neologisms. | ||
=====Plural -i===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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=====Plural -a===== | |||
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=====Irregular Plural -ma===== | |||
-ma is an obsolete dual affix and is used with some pairs. | -ma is an obsolete dual affix and is used with some pairs. | ||
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=====Consonant Mutation===== | |||
Some irregular plurals evolved from consonant shifts in Old Monyo: at the end of a word, ⟨f⟩ ⟨p⟩ and ⟨tx⟩ become ⟨s⟩ ⟨t⟩ and ⟨t⟩, respectively. | |||
The velar nasal ⟨ń⟩ shifted to /g/ and later /k/ before vowels, while remaining the same elsewhere. Orthography reforms reflected this shift, ⟨ń⟩ becoming ⟨kn⟩ before vowels and ⟨nn⟩ at the end of a word, while merging with ⟨n⟩ before consonants. Further reforms eventually removed the second ⟨n⟩, causing ⟨kn⟩ to merge with ⟨k⟩ and ⟨nn⟩ with ⟨n⟩. | The velar nasal ⟨ń⟩ shifted to /g/ and later /k/ before vowels, while remaining the same elsewhere. Orthography reforms reflected this shift, ⟨ń⟩ becoming ⟨kn⟩ before vowels and ⟨nn⟩ at the end of a word, while merging with ⟨n⟩ before consonants. Further reforms eventually removed the second ⟨n⟩, causing ⟨kn⟩ to merge with ⟨k⟩ and ⟨nn⟩ with ⟨n⟩. | ||
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====Noun Markers==== | |||
===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
Revision as of 08:01, 12 January 2021
| Asakan | |
|---|---|
| Standard Monyo, Monyo Asakasiafat | |
| Pronunciation | /asakasjasat/ |
| Ethnicity | Monyo |
| Language family | Proto-Monic
|
| Early forms: | Kamano-Monic
|
| Dialects | Fokatakian, Ixahimi, Kanioto, Standard North, Standard South, Tatxo |
| Writing system | Monyo Script |
| Official status | |
| Official language in | Yakormonyo |
| CWS code | ASKA |
Asakan, also known as Standard Monyo or simply Monyo, is spoken as a native language throughout central and southern Yakormonyo. It is an analytical language, and its morphology is slightly synthetic.
Classification
Asakan is an Kamano-Monic language within the Monic language family. Being Asxato-Monic, it is related to other coastal Monic languages such as Vontáatan and Ańakfan.
Asakan, along with its sister language, Itimian, differs from other Monic languages with its treatment of the rostral stop *m. In most other languages, this sound softened to a velar approximant, and in some cases, assimilated with neighbouring vowels. Asakan does the opposite; *m is further strengthened, causing the following:
- If preceding a vowel, said vowel reduces to a schwa;
- If preceding a consonant, an intermediary schwa to break the cluster;
- If at the end of the word, an epenthetic schwa; and
- If preceding a schwa at the end of the word (due to #1 and #3), an epenthetic nasal *n.
For example, Proto-Monyo *kāham (mountain) is Asakan kaman, Vontáatan ká and Kagassian kahau.
History
Phonology
Consonants
| Rostral | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | n ⟨n⟩ | ŋ ⟨n⟩ | ||
| Stop | ɓ̥ ⟨m⟩ | t ⟨t⟩, d ⟨r⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | |
| Affricate | ts ⟨p⟩, ⟨ts⟩ | tʃ ⟨tx⟩ | ||
| Fricative | s ⟨s⟩, ⟨f⟩ | ʃ ⟨x⟩ | x ⟨h⟩ | |
| Liquid | ɾ ⟨r⟩ | j ⟨i⟩ | ʕ ⟨u⟩ |
- ⟨n⟩ is pronounced /ŋ/ before the velars ⟨k⟩, ⟨x⟩; e.g. inhi (morning) /iŋxi/.
- ⟨r⟩ is pronounced /d/ before the nasal ⟨n⟩; e.g. tonri (book) /tʌndi/.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ⟨i⟩ | ||
| Mid | e ⟨e⟩, ⟨u⟩ | ə ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩ | ʌ ⟨o⟩ |
| Open | a ⟨a⟩ |
- The three diphthongs are /aɪ/ ⟨ai⟩, /eɪ/ ⟨ei⟩ and /əɪ/ ⟨oi⟩.
- The schwa /ə/ is realised in certain environments, namely ⟨man⟩ /ɓ̥ən/ and ⟨io⟩ /jə/.
Phonotactics
Orthography
Grammar
Noun
Plurality
Monyo nouns are inflected solely for plurality. Many irregular forms exist, especially due to loaned words and neologisms.
Plural -i
| Ending | Standard Plural | Irregular Plural |
|---|---|---|
| ∅ | okun (tree) > okuni | kiar (sun) > kiara |
| -a | iama (jay) > iami | fiuntxa (loft) > fiuntxai |
| -o | asto (bottle) > asti | simo (ground) > simoi |
| -u | maku (bone) > maki | otoikoru (river) > otoikora |
| -ia | pasia (world) > pasi | nakia (chair) > nakiai |
| -io | fumio (peach) > fumi | txuio (train) > txuia |
| -ho | riho (book) > rihoi | musho (flock) > mushi |
| -fo | piatfo (bed) > piatfoi | kakfo (door) > kakfi |
Plural -a
| Ending | Standard Plural | Irregular Plural |
|---|---|---|
| -i | asaki (summer) > asaka | osi (sky) > osia |
| -e | rake (tinamou meat) > raka | |
| -iu | koiu (egg) > koia | |
| -ai | ohai (catfish) > oha | kai (love) > kaia |
| -ei | korei (planet) > koria | |
| -oi | mufoi (breeze) > mufa | toikoi (flamingo) > toiki |
Irregular Plural -ma
-ma is an obsolete dual affix and is used with some pairs.
| Singular | Dual | Plural (unused) |
|---|---|---|
| piki (foot) | pikima | pika |
| maki (hand) | makima | maka |
| uan (eye) | uanma | uani |
Consonant Mutation
Some irregular plurals evolved from consonant shifts in Old Monyo: at the end of a word, ⟨f⟩ ⟨p⟩ and ⟨tx⟩ become ⟨s⟩ ⟨t⟩ and ⟨t⟩, respectively.
The velar nasal ⟨ń⟩ shifted to /g/ and later /k/ before vowels, while remaining the same elsewhere. Orthography reforms reflected this shift, ⟨ń⟩ becoming ⟨kn⟩ before vowels and ⟨nn⟩ at the end of a word, while merging with ⟨n⟩ before consonants. Further reforms eventually removed the second ⟨n⟩, causing ⟨kn⟩ to merge with ⟨k⟩ and ⟨nn⟩ with ⟨n⟩.
| Ending | Plural | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -s | -f | muras (ball) > murafi |
| -t | -p | xosat (wing) > xosapi |
| -tx | kasot (mouth) > kasotxi | |
| -n | -k | karin (branch) > kariki |