Difference between revisions of "Archive:Yaharan language"
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: For example, where there is no pronoun, the inherent transitivity of the verb holds: | : For example, where there is no pronoun, the inherent transitivity of the verb holds: | ||
<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">{{cs|SIH|<nowiki>{tsoni.}</nowiki>}}</span> | ::<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">{{cs|SIH|<nowiki>{tsoni.}</nowiki>}}</span> | ||
{{Interlinear|lang=YHR | {{Interlinear|indent=4|lang=YHR | ||
|Tsoni. | |Tsoni. | ||
|act-{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.PRES | |act-{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.PRES | ||
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:When a pronoun of the same transitivity is employed, it reinforces that transitivity: | :When a pronoun of the same transitivity is employed, it reinforces that transitivity: | ||
<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">{{cs|SIH|<nowiki>{hístä tsoni.}</nowiki>}}</span> | ::<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">{{cs|SIH|<nowiki>{hístä tsoni.}</nowiki>}}</span> | ||
{{Interlinear|lang=YHR | {{Interlinear|indent=4|lang=YHR | ||
|Hístä tsoni. | |Hístä tsoni. | ||
|{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.INTR act-{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.PRES | |{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.INTR act-{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.PRES | ||
Line 322: | Line 322: | ||
:However, when a pronoun of the opposite transitivity is employed, it enforces that transitivity onto the verb: | :However, when a pronoun of the opposite transitivity is employed, it enforces that transitivity onto the verb: | ||
<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">{{cs|SIH|<nowiki>{sä tsoni.}</nowiki>}}</span> | ::<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">{{cs|SIH|<nowiki>{sä tsoni.}</nowiki>}}</span> | ||
{{Interlinear|lang=YHR | {{Interlinear|indent=4|lang=YHR | ||
|Sä tsoni. | |Sä tsoni. | ||
|{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.TR act-{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.PRES | |{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.TR act-{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.PRES | ||
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:Likewise, this holds true for relative pronouns, compare: | :Likewise, this holds true for relative pronouns, compare: | ||
<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">{{cs|SIH|<nowiki>{ëts nívílänog kätäng erø cäkäyo.}</nowiki>}}</span> | ::<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">{{cs|SIH|<nowiki>{ëts nívílänog kätäng erø cäkäyo.}</nowiki>}}</span> | ||
{{Interlinear|lang=YHR | {{Interlinear|indent=4|lang=YHR | ||
|Ëts nívílänog kätäng erø cäkäyo. | |Ëts nívílänog kätäng erø cäkäyo. | ||
|1S.ACC give-{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.PAST wood REL.INTR burn-{{gcl|3I|third person inanimate}}.PRES | |1S.ACC give-{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.PAST wood REL.INTR burn-{{gcl|3I|third person inanimate}}.PRES | ||
|'He gave me the wood which is burning.'}} | |'He gave me the wood which is burning.'}} | ||
<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">{{cs|SIH|<nowiki>{ëts nívílänog kätäng røt cäkäyo.}</nowiki>}}</span> | ::<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;">{{cs|SIH|<nowiki>{ëts nívílänog kätäng røt cäkäyo.}</nowiki>}}</span> | ||
{{Interlinear|lang=YHR | {{Interlinear|indent=4|lang=YHR | ||
|Ëts nívílänog kätäng røt cäkäyo. | |Ëts nívílänog kätäng røt cäkäyo. | ||
|1S.ACC give-{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.PAST wood REL.TR burn-{{gcl|3I|third person inanimate}}.PRES | |1S.ACC give-{{gcl|3A|third person animate}}.PAST wood REL.TR burn-{{gcl|3I|third person inanimate}}.PRES | ||
|'He gave me the wood which burns [other things].'}} | |'He gave me the wood which burns [other things].'}} | ||
===Preverbal Particles=== | ===Preverbal Particles=== |
Revision as of 20:53, 25 January 2022
Yaharan | |
---|---|
Síyähärä | |
Pronunciation | ˈsɪ̈jɑhɑrɑ |
Region | Greater Yahara (Lower Boroso) |
Ethnicity | Yaharans |
Native speakers | 24,000,000 20,000,000 as a second language (2010) |
Language family | Yaharan
|
Early forms: | Proto-Yaharan
|
Dialects | Celebrezstuvan
Ciovergian
Haran
Yervergian
Yitsman
|
Writing system | Feyandya |
Official status | |
Official language in | Confederation of Lower Boroso Template:Country data Upper Yahara Template:Country data Yaxarhayut |
CWS code | SIH |
Yaharan (IPA: /jəˈhɑːɹɪ̈n/, lingua Jahærana, Ꙗгарьскыи ѩзыкъ; Yaharan: Síyähärä /ˈsɪ̈jɑɦɑɹɑ/) is the only living member of the Greater Yaharan languages. Spoken by over eleven million people, it serves as the official language of the Kingdom of Upper Yahara and one of the two official languages of the Kingdom of Yaxarhayut. Historically, it was the predominant language of the Empire of Yahara, and as a result has heavily influenced the Monyo languages, Trunaomatian, and Heoroman, amongst others.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | |||||
Fricative | f v | θ | s z | ʃ ʒ | x | ɦ | ||
Slide | s͢ʃ | |||||||
Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||||
Liquid | ʍ w | l ɹ r | j |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i y | ɯ u | |
Mid | ɛ | ɪ̈ | o |
Open | ɑ |
Diphthongs: /ɛɪ̯/, /ɑɪ̯/, /jⁱɑʊ̯/
Phonotactics
Orthography
The Yaharan language is written using the Feyandya, its traditional alphabet. Three forms are used for various purposes: the civil version (most commonly used in signage and printing), the written version (used in both print and handwriting), and the religious version (used almost exclusively for ceremonial purposes and in temple recordkeeping). The written version is that which is presented below.
Paired consonants: | Unpaired consonants: | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unvoiced letter: | IPA: | Voiced letter: | IPA: | Letter: | IPA: | Letter: | IPA: | |
p | /p/ | b | /b/ | l ,L | /l/ | w ,W | /w/ | |
t | /t/ | d | /d/ | y ,Y | /j/ | č | /t͡ʃ/ | |
k | /k/ | g | /g/ | Vowels: | ||||
f | /f/ | v | /v/ | Long letter: | IPA: | Short letter: | IPA: | |
s ,S | /s/ | z | /z/ | A ,a | /ɛɪ̯/ | Ä ,ä | /ɑ/ | |
š | /ʃ/ | ž | /ʒ/ | O ,o | /o/ | Ö ,ö | /o/ | |
x | /x/ | h | /ɦ/ | U ,u | /u/ | Ü ,ü | /ɯ/ | |
c | /s͢ʃ/ | þ ,Þ | /θ/ | I ,i | /ɑɪ̯/ | Í ,í | /ɪ̈/ | |
n ,N | /n/ | m | /m/ | E ,e | /i/ | Ë ,ë | /ɛ/ | |
r | /ɹ/ | ř | /r/ | Ø ,ø | /jⁱɑʊ̯/ | Ÿ ,ÿ | /y/ | |
Ligatures: | Obsolete letters: | |||||||
nt | /nt/ | nd | /nd/ | Æ ,æ | /ɑ/ | Ï | /ɪ̈/ | |
nk | /ŋk/ | ng | /ŋg/ | Á ,á | /Ø/ | É ,é | /Ø/ | |
ď | /dʲɑ/ | ḳ | /stk/ | Required ideograms: | ||||
ǒ | /os/ | As a ligature for the word ös. | Ideogram: | Meaning: | ||||
ň | /nɪ̈l/ | As a ligature for the word níl. | ǽ | "Ashe" |
Grammar
Nouns
Nouns in Yaharan are split into three classes based on the last sound of the word. These classes determine the definite and indefinite articles, and are summarized below:
Class: | Definite article: | Indefinite article: | Last sound of word: | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine: | {tëmë} tëmë | {dänß} dän | {šä} šä | {cßdßďßËßgßhßnßOßÖßpßřßsßšßtßþßvßxß} -c, -d, -dyä, -ë, -g, -h, -n, -o, -ö, -p, -ř, -s, -š, -t, -þ, -v, -x | |
Feminine: | {täng} täng | {AßÄßbßčßeßfßißíßkßlßmßrßußüßwßÿßzßžß} -a, -ä, -b, -č, -e, -f, -i, -í, -k, -l, -m, -r, -u, -ü, -w, -ÿ -z, -ž | |||
Plural: | {þuwß} þuw | {šä} šä | {šuwß} šuw | Ø -ø |
Further, nouns decline for the genitive, plural, and genitive plural, again based on final sound.
Last sound of word: | Singular genitive: | Plural: | Plural genitive: |
---|---|---|---|
{aßÄßeßëßißíßoßößußüßÿß} -a, -ä, -e, -ë, -i, -í, -o, -ö, -u, -ü, -ÿ | dä -dä | Ø -ø | Øšä -øšä |
{cßčßfßsßšßþßvßhwßxßzßžß} -c, -č, -f, -s, -š, -þ, -v, –w, -x, -z, -ž | dä -dä | dø -dø | døšä -døšä |
{dßgßkßlßmßnßpßrßřßtßwßøß} -d, -f, -k, -l, -m, -n, -p, -r, -ř, -t, -w, -ø | šø -šø | šä -šä | šøšä -šøšä |
Pronouns
Pronouns are distinguished by person, partially by number, and function. Almost all are able to decline to four cases: the intransitive, transitive, reflexive, and genitive.
Intransitive: | Transitive: | Reflexive: | Genitive: | English equivalent: | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1S | {ësto} ësto | {sít} sít | {ëtS} ëts | {ësta} {ëstä} ësta1, ëstä | "I" |
1P | {yënto} yënto | {yën} yën | {utS} uts | {yëntä} yëntä | "we" |
2S | {eṡlí} elí | {lít} lít | {ätS} äts | {lítšä} lítšä | "you" |
2P | {lítšø} lítšø | {lítšøšä} lítšøšä | "you all" | ||
3SI | {yënto} híst | {ÿtS} ÿts | {hístšä} hístšä | "it" | |
3SA | {hístä} hístä | {sä} sä | {otS} ots | {hístädä} hístädä | "he/she" |
3P | {þanto} þanto | {þan} þan | {ötS} öts | {þantä} þantä | "they" |
1. The form {ësta} ësta is used only as an emphatic. |
Intransitive: | Transitive: | Reflexive: | English equivalent: | |
---|---|---|---|---|
INAN | {erø} erø | {røt} røt | {ütS} üts | "which/that" |
AN | {nícto} nícto | {níc} níc | "who/which" |
The reflexive case, while serving those purposes as well, also functions as an accusative. When used as a reflexive, the pronoun is prefixed to the verb, and when used as an accusative is placed before the verb, but is not prefixed to it.
The transitive/intransitive cases 'hardset' the transitivity of the verb. While verbs have an inherent transitivity, the use of a transitive pronoun on a, say, intransitive verb will set the verb's transitivity to the transitive.
- For example, where there is no pronoun, the inherent transitivity of the verb holds:
- {tsoni.}
Tsoni.
act-3A.PRES
'He acts.'
- When a pronoun of the same transitivity is employed, it reinforces that transitivity:
- {hístä tsoni.}
Hístä
3A.INTR
tsoni.
act-3A.PRES
'He acts.'
- However, when a pronoun of the opposite transitivity is employed, it enforces that transitivity onto the verb:
- {sä tsoni.}
Sä
3A.TR
tsoni.
act-3A.PRES
'He acts [upon it].'
- Likewise, this holds true for relative pronouns, compare:
- {ëts nívílänog kätäng erø cäkäyo.}
Ëts
1S.ACC
nívílänog
give-3A.PAST
kätäng
wood
erø
REL.INTR
cäkäyo.
burn-3I.PRES
'He gave me the wood which is burning.'
- {ëts nívílänog kätäng røt cäkäyo.}
Ëts
1S.ACC
nívílänog
give-3A.PAST
kätäng
wood
røt
REL.TR
cäkäyo.
burn-3I.PRES
'He gave me the wood which burns [other things].'