Archive:Yaharan language

Yaharan
Síyähärä
Pronunciation	ˈsɪ̈jɑhɑrɑ
Region	Greater Yahara (Lower Boroso)
Ethnicity	Yaharans
Native speakers	24,000,000 20,000,000 as a second language  (2010)
Language family	Yaharan Greater Yaharan Yaharan
Early forms:	Proto-Yaharan Old Yaharan Middle Yaharan Yaharan
Dialects	Celebrezstuvan Ciovergian Haran Yervergian Yitsman
Writing system	Feyandya
Official status
Official language in	Confederation of Lower Boroso Template:Country data Upper Yahara Template:Country data Yaxarhayut
CWS code	SIH

Yaharan (IPA: /jəˈhɑːɹɪ̈n/, lingua Jahærana, Ꙗгарьскыи ѩзыкъ; Yaharan: Síyähärä /ˈsɪ̈jɑɦɑɹɑ/) is the only living member of the Greater Yaharan languages. Spoken by over eleven million people, it serves as the official language of the Kingdom of Upper Yahara and one of the two official languages of the Kingdom of Yaxarhayut. Historically, it was the predominant language of the Empire of Yahara, and as a result has heavily influenced the Monyo languages, Trunaomatian, and Heoroman, amongst others.

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Plosive	p b			t d			k g
Fricative		f v	θ	s z	ʃ ʒ		x	ɦ
Slide				s͢ʃ
Affricate				t͡s	t͡ʃ
Liquid	ʍ w			l ɹ r		j

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y		ɯ u
Mid	ɛ	ɪ̈	o
Open			ɑ

Diphthongs: /ɛɪ̯/, /ɑɪ̯/, /jⁱɑʊ̯/

Orthography

The Yaharan language is written using the Feyandya, its traditional alphabet. Three forms are used for various purposes: the civil version (most commonly used in signage and printing), the written version (used in both print and handwriting), and the religious version (used almost exclusively for ceremonial purposes and in temple recordkeeping). The written version is that which is presented below.

Paired consonants:					Unpaired consonants:
Unvoiced letter:	IPA:	Voiced letter:	IPA:		Letter:	IPA:	Letter:	IPA:
p	/p/	b	/b/		l ,L	/l/	w ,W	/w/
t	/t/	d	/d/		y ,Y	/j/	č	/t͡ʃ/
k	/k/	g	/g/		Vowels:
f	/f/	v	/v/		Long letter:	IPA:	Short letter:	IPA:
s ,S	/s/	z	/z/		A ,a	/ɛɪ̯/	Ä ,ä	/ɑ/
š	/ʃ/	ž	/ʒ/		O ,o	/o/	Ö ,ö	/o/
x	/x/	h	/ɦ/		U ,u	/u/	Ü ,ü	/ɯ/
c	/s͢ʃ/	þ ,Þ	/θ/		I ,i	/ɑɪ̯/	Í ,í	/ɪ̈/
n ,N	/n/	m	/m/		E ,e	/i/	Ë ,ë	/ɛ/
r	/ɹ/	ř	/r/		Ø ,ø	/jⁱɑʊ̯/	Ÿ ,ÿ	/y/
Ligatures:					Obsolete letters:
nt	/nt/	nd	/nd/		Æ ,æ	/ɑ/	Ï	/ɪ̈/
nk	/ŋk/	ng	/ŋg/		Á ,á	/Ø/	É ,é	/Ø/
ď	/dʲɑ/	ḳ	/stk/		Required ideograms:
ǒ	/os/	As a ligature for the word ös.			Ideogram:		Meaning:
ň	/nɪ̈l/	As a ligature for the word níl.			ǽ		"Ashe"

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns in Yaharan are split into three classes based on the last sound of the word. These classes determine the definite and indefinite articles, and are summarized below:

Class:	Definite article:		Indefinite article:		Last sound of word:
Masculine:	{tëmë} tëmë	{dänß} dän	{šä} šä		{cßdßďßËßgßhßnßOßÖßpßřßsßšßtßþßvßxß} -c, -d, -dyä, -ë, -g, -h, -n, -o, -ö, -p, -ř, -s, -š, -t, -þ, -v, -x
Feminine:		{täng} täng			{AßÄßbßčßeßfßißíßkßlßmßrßußüßwßÿßzßžß} -a, -ä, -b, -č, -e, -f, -i, -í, -k, -l, -m, -r, -u, -ü, -w, -ÿ -z, -ž
Plural:		{þuwß} þuw	{šä} šä	{šuwß} šuw	Ø -ø

Further, nouns decline for the genitive, plural, and genitive plural, again based on final sound.

Last sound of word:	Singular genitive:	Plural:	Plural genitive:
{aßÄßeßëßißíßoßößußüßÿß} -a, -ä, -e, -ë, -i, -í, -o, -ö, -u, -ü, -ÿ	dä -dä	Ø -ø	Øšä -øšä
{cßčßfßsßšßþßvßhwßxßzßžß} -c, -č, -f, -s, -š, -þ, -v, –w, -x, -z, -ž	dä -dä	dø -dø	døšä -døšä
{dßgßkßlßmßnßpßrßřßtßwßøß} -d, -f, -k, -l, -m, -n, -p, -r, -ř, -t, -w, -ø	šø -šø	šä -šä	šøšä -šøšä

Pronouns

Pronouns are distinguished by person, partially by number, and function. Almost all are able to decline to four cases: the intransitive, transitive, reflexive, and genitive.

Personal Pronouns:

	Intransitive:	Transitive:	Reflexive:	Genitive:	English equivalent:
1S	{ësto} ësto	{sít} sít	{ëtS} ëts	{ësta} {ëstä} ësta1, ëstä	"I"
1P	{yënto} yënto	{yën} yën	{utS} uts	{yëntä} yëntä	"we"
2S	{eṡlí} elí	{lít} lít	{ätS} äts	{lítšä} lítšä	"you"
2P	{lítšø} lítšø			{lítšøšä} lítšøšä	"you all"
3SI	{yënto} híst		{ÿtS} ÿts	{hístšä} hístšä	"it"
3SA	{hístä} hístä	{sä} sä	{otS} ots	{hístädä} hístädä	"he/she"
3P	{þanto} þanto	{þan} þan	{ötS} öts	{þantä} þantä	"they"
1. The form {ësta} ësta is used only as an emphatic.

Relative Pronouns:

	Intransitive:	Transitive:	Reflexive:	English equivalent:
INAN	{erø} erø	{røt} røt	{ütS} üts	"which/that"
AN	{nícto} nícto	{níc} níc		"who/which"

The reflexive case, while serving those purposes as well, also functions as an accusative. When used as a reflexive, the pronoun is prefixed to the verb, and when used as an accusative is placed before the verb, but is not prefixed to it.

The transitive/intransitive cases 'hardset' the transitivity of the verb. While verbs have an inherent transitivity, the use of a transitive pronoun on a, say, intransitive verb will set the verb's transitivity to the transitive.

When a pronoun of the same transitivity is employed, it reinforces that transitivity:

{hístä tsoni.}

Hístä

3A.INTR

tsoni.

act-3A.PRES

Hístä tsoni.

3A.INTR act-3A.PRES

'He acts.'

However, when a pronoun of the opposite transitivity is employed, it enforces that transitivity onto the verb:

{sä tsoni.}

Sä

3A.TR

tsoni.

act-3A.PRES

Sä tsoni.

3A.TR act-3A.PRES

'He acts [upon it].'

Likewise, this holds true for relative pronouns, compare:

{ëts nívílänog kätäng erø cäkäyo.}

Ëts

1S.ACC

nívílänog

give-3A.PAST

kätäng

wood

erø

REL.INTR

cäkäyo.

burn-3I.PRES

Ëts nívílänog kätäng erø cäkäyo.

1S.ACC give-3A.PAST wood REL.INTR burn-3I.PRES

'He gave me the wood which is burning.'

{ëts nívílänog kätäng røt cäkäyo.}

Ëts

1S.ACC

nívílänog

give-3A.PAST

kätäng

wood

røt

REL.TR

cäkäyo.

burn-3I.PRES

Ëts nívílänog kätäng røt cäkäyo.

1S.ACC give-3A.PAST wood REL.TR burn-3I.PRES

'He gave me the wood which burns [other things].'

Oranges