Difference between revisions of "Coastal Jutean"

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name          = Jutean
|name          = Jutean
|altname      = Coastal Jutean
|altname      = Coastal Jutean
|nativename    = Tahivi a net / Jute
|nativename    = Tahivi a net / Net
|pronunciation = /tahiʋi a net/ / /jute/
|pronunciation = /tɐhiʋi ɐ net/, /net/
|states (state) = Jute
|states (state) =  
|region        =  
|region        = Ystel ([[Jute]], [[South Jute]], [[Mermelia]]), Lahan ([[Tuyo]]), Vaniua ([[Balakia]]), Boroso ([[Lhavres]])
|latd  =  | latm  = | latNS  =  <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction -->
|latd  =  | latm  = | latNS  =  <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction -->
|longd =  | longm = | longEW =  <!-- longitude degrees/minutes/direction -->
|longd =  | longm = | longEW =  <!-- longitude degrees/minutes/direction -->
|ethnicity    = Coastal Juteans (native),  
|ethnicity    = Coastal Juteans (native), River Juteans, South Juteans, Klambari, Samwati (common second language)
River Juteans, Klambari, Samwati (common second language)
|speakers      = 1,570,000
|speakers      = 1,570,000
|date          =  
|date          = 2015
|familycolor  =  
|familycolor  = tep
|fam1          = Juto-Ngutanic
|fam1          = [[Trans-Ebo-Puzimm languages|Trans-Ebo-Puzimm]]
|fam2 = Proto-Jutic
|fam2 = Saru-Asuran
|fam3 = Ancient Jutean
|fam3 = Sanju-Jutean
|ancestor5 = Colonial Jutean
|fam4 = Proto-Jutean
|ancestor4 = Reformed Jutean
|ancestor = Ancient Jutean
|ancestor3 = Middle Jutean
|ancestor2 = Middle Jutean
|ancestor3 = Reformed Jutean
|ancestor4 = Colonial Jutean
|posteriori    =  
|posteriori    =  
|dia1          =  
|dia1          =  
|dialects      = Sitti, Laina
|dialects      = Sitti
|script        =  
|script        =  
|nation        = Jute
|nation        = [[Jute]]
|agency        =  
|agency        =  
|iso3          =  
|iso3          = JUT
|image        =  
|image        =  
|imagesize    =  
|imagesize    =  
|imagealt      =  
|imagealt      =  
|imagecaption  =  
|imagecaption  = Distribution on Island Jute
|imageheader  =  
|imageheader  =  
|map          = Languages.png
|map          = Languages of Jute.png
|mapsize      =  
|mapsize      = 200
|mapalt        =  
|mapalt        =  
|mapcaption    =
|mapcaption    =
}}
}}


==Background==
Coastal Jutean, commonly known as Jutean, is a language of the Jutic branch of the Saru-Asuran language family, itself part of the [[Trans-Ebo-Puzimm_languages|Trans-Ebo-Puzimm macrofamily]], spoken on the island of [[Jute]] as the official language and by 1,270,000 people as their native language as well as in several diasporas around the world, such as in [[South Jute]], [[Balakia]] and [[Lhavres]]. Coastal Jutean is not to be confused with River Jutean, a related, but distinct language spoken mostly inland on the island.


===Origin and goal===
It is assumed to have developed after the first ancestors of present day ethnic Juteans arrived at the island at around 1000 BC. The people remaining on the coast would eventually speak what is today referred to as Jutean, or Coastal Jutean (<small>Jutean:</small> ''tahivi a net''), whereas the people venturing inside would develop River Jutean (<small>River Jutean:</small> ''tahosoe val ma'', /taho͡asoɛ vɐl mɐ/). It had no official status until after Jute regained independence in , during and prior to the colonial era it was just one of the languages spoken on the island, albeit the most widely spoken one.
Started out as a language developed for a nation on Nationstates (a political simulator and rp platform for nation-rps). It can be found at nationstates.net/jute. The goal was (and is) to create a language that can be used for most purposes and that at least short texts can easily be translated to it to give the nation more depth.  


===Setting and inspiration===
It is notable for its use of the Austronesian alignment, its lack of adjectives as a separate part of speech, and the absence of marked tense, aspect or number (with the exception of numbers in pronouns). Triggers or intransitive sentences are also used for passive meanings.  
Since it's a tropical island and I had gotten interested in Hawaii and Hawaiian, the compact phonology is inspired by it, though of course with some changes. For example, it lacks the glottal stop, but has a /j/ and a /ʋ/.  


===Peculiarities===
Personal pronouns, while having the standard 1st/2nd/3rd person, are unusual in other regards. There are three numbers (arguably four in the first person plural), clusitivity, gender and animacy distinctions.
To make sure the language doesn't up being to similar to Indo-European ones, the Austronesian alignment from Tagalog was adopted, adjectives as a separate part of speech dropped, as well as marked tense, articles, and number (except for pronouns). Later on, separate voices were dropped in favor of triggers.


Possessive pronouns were excluded, too, in an effort to show the different concepts of the speakers of the language regarding ownership. A genitive-like construction is solely used for inalienable possession, for alienable ones relative nominalizations are used, such as "the land I live on", or "the boat I'm sailing" rather than "my land" or "my boat".
The language also lacks possessive pronouns, reflecting the different concepts of the speakers of the language regarding ownership. A genitive-like construction is solely used for inalienable possession, for alienable ones relative nominalizations are used, such as "the land I live on", or "the boat I'm sailing" rather than "my land" or "my boat".
 
The language has three genders, or noun classes. Common, abstract/immaterial and "wilderness". Common includes everything related to daily life in a village or city, humans, and things made by humans. Abstract/immaterial is largely self-explaining, used for ideas and concepts, intangible as well as unknown things or sometimes for generic terms. "Wilderness" includes everything that has to do, or can be found with the jungle, the ocean or anything else seen as "wild". This includes animals, plants as well as some inanimate items. It can also be used in a more poetic way, for example for the subconscious, the "wild, untamed" part of the mind.
 
Personal pronouns, while having the standard 1st/2nd/3rd person, are unusual when it comes to other aspects. There are three numbers (arguably four in 1P), clusitivity, gender and animacy distinctions. See below, 3.6 Pronouns.


<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
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-->
-->
==Family and origin==
''This section is empty.''


<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
==History==
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
''This section is empty.''
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:


Vowel inventory
===Ancient Jutean===
Consonant inventory
 
Syllable structure
===Middle Jutean===
Stress
 
Intonation
===Reformed Jutean===
 
===Colonial-era Jutean===
 
===Modern-day Jutean===


-->
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|
| [ŋ]¹
| [ŋ]
|  
|  
|-
|-
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|  
|  
| t, d
| t, d
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| f
| f
|  
|  
| s
| s, [z]²
| [ʃ]
| [ʃ]³
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
| h
| h
|-
! style="" |Affricate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Approximant
! style="" |Approximant
|  
|  
| ʋ
| ʋ
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| l
| l
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
[] signify allophones
 
¹at codas when followed by /k/, allophone of /n/
 
²at syllable onsets before long vowels, allophone of /s/
 
³in a few dialects, allophone of /s/


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɐ ɐ:
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
| a, a:
| [a:
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɑ, ɑ:
| ɑ, ɑ:, [ɒ:]²
|}
|}


'''Diphthongs'''
¹in some dialects, allophone of /ɐ:/


ɑi ɑe ɑa ie ui ue ua iɑ iu ia
²in some dialects, allophone of /ɑ:/


eɑ eu ei ea au ai ae
'''Diphthongs'''


===Phonotactics===
ɑi ɑe ɑu ie iɐ iɑ iu ui ue
(C)V(C), though CVC is used sparingly. CV or VC are preferred. Stress is mostly on the penultimate syllable, but it's not fixed and can also be used to emphasize a part of the word.
uɐ uɑ eɑ eu ei eɐ ɐu ɐi ɐe


===Orthography===
'''Triphthongs'''
'''Aa''' /a/ '''Dd''' /d/ '''Ee''' /e/ '''Ff''' /f/ '''Hh''' /h/ '''Ii''' /i/ '''Jj''' /j/ '''Kk''' /k/


'''Ll''' /l/ '''Mm''' /m/ '''Nn''' /n/, /ŋ/ '''Oo''' /ɑ/ '''Ss''' /s/, /ʃ/ '''Tt''' /t/ '''Uu''' /u/ '''Vv''' /ʋ/
iɑ: e:ɑ


First word of a sentence has a capital letter, as do names.
===Phonotactics===
'''Syllable Structure'''


==Morphology==
(C)V(V)(V/C), though V, CV and VC are most common. More complex syllables such as CVC, CVVC appear less often and particularly CVVV is rare.


To be expanded.
Consonant clusters can thus only appear at syllable boundaries, and only the geminations of /t/, /k/, /m/, /n/ and /l/ as well as two-consonant clusters starting with /n/, /m/ or /l/ are allowed.
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


===Nouns===
VV are either long vowels or vowel diphthongs, and VVV are long diphthongs.


Nouns have a gender and decline for three cases, with some exceptions.  
===Stress information===
Mostly on the penultimate syllable, sometimes on the last syllable with a long vowel/diphtong, but it's not fixed and can also be used to emphasize a part of a word, for example the negating suffix '-l' or '-al'.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
===Intonation===
! style="width: 68px; "|Gender
''This section is empty.''
! style="width: 68px; " |Common
! style="width: 68px; " |Abstract (-i)
! style="width: 68px; " |Wilderness (-u)
|-
! style="" |Noun
|dova (tree)
|dovi (tower, height)
|dovu (jungle tree)
|-
|}


Gender is mostly predictable if you either know the meaning of a word or the spelling of it, however not all words ending in -i are of the "abstract" gender, nor are all nouns of that gender ending in -i, and the same is true for the other two classes.
==Orthography==
''This section requires expansion: Information on the orthography of non-Terminic scripts missing''


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
The predominant writing system used for Jutean is a native syllabary independent from, but loosely inspired by native proto-writing and the Adzo-Neviric script brought by Neviran officials in the 17th century, which had been the first people to introduce writing on Jute. It was developed in the 18th century as a form of cultural resistance to Neviran officials to prevent further assimilation and distinguish the native languages more clearly.
! style="width: 68px; "|Case
! style="width: 68px; " |Direct
! style="width: 68px; " |Indirect
! style="width: 68px; " |Oblique
|-
! style="" |ending in consonant
|dovan (forest)
|dovaniti
|dovanede
|-
! style="" |ending in vowel
|saini (person, mind)
|sainiti
|sainide
|-
|}


The romanization is as follows:


The direct case more or less equals the absolutive or nominative (depending on the trigger used, see below for more information regarding them), where as indirect and oblique roughly correspond with the direct and indirect object respectively, however they can also have other functions. Most notably, words answering the question "where to?" need the indirect case, whereas the oblique one is used for inalienable possession, relationship or authorship.
'''Aa''' /a/ '''Dd''' /d/ '''Ee''' /e/ '''Ff''' /f/ '''Hh''' /h/ '''Ii''' /i/ '''Jj''' /j/ '''Kk''' /k/


===Adjectives===
'''Ll''' /l/ '''Mm''' /m/ '''Nn''' /n/, /ŋ/ '''Oo''' /ɑ/ '''Ss''' /s/, /ʃ/ '''Tt''' /t/ '''Uu''' /u/ '''Vv''' /ʋ/


They don't have a distinct morphology and are seen as nouns. The only difference is that most adjectival nouns don't decline, like for example ''haad'' "bigness".  
Capital letters are only used for the beginning of a sentence and for names.


To intensify them, a haada "of biggerness", is used, so hohi a haada would translate to "very new" (literally "newness of biggerness"). An exception would be "very big", where just haada would be used.
==Morphology==
''Main article: [[Jutean inflection]]''


Comparative of a adjectival noun is formed by adding a haada "of biggerness", and either hehe "still, even" to the end of the sentence, or adding a construction with ehe "than", like for example: No ta a nihaa a haada ehe he na "I am older than you" (literally "I am of oldness of biggerness than you")
===Nouns===
Nouns belong to one of three noun classes. The first one is generally termed the 'common' or 'civilization' noun class and entails people, professions, domesticated or harmless animals and physical, everyday things, such as ''dova'' (tree). The second one is the 'abstract' or 'immaterial' noun class and contains all intangible items, ideas, concepts, such as 'dovi' (height) It is also used for much of space vocabulary and for some general terms.  The third noun class is labeled 'wilderness', words related to the jungle, the ocean, or other 'wild' places, physical and metaphorical (e.g. the subconscious) belong to it, such as 'dovu' (jungle tree).
However, there are words that don't find this pattern due to having a particular noun class for etymological reasons, such as 'dovi' (tower) which is derived from 'dovi' (height) and so retains the immaterial/abstract noun class.


The superlative is constructed with a haadat "of biggestness" after it, as in Nuno ta an mihonode a nihaa a haadat. "I live in the oldest house" ("I live in the house of oldness of biggestness")
Three cases exist, the unmarked direct case for subjects, the indirect case for direct objects and oblique objects designating a location, and the oblique case for all other oblique objects. They are marked by suffixes or, in the case of longer words, with particles. Some nouns do not decline, such as adjectical nouns, or do not in specific circumstances, e.g. in names of languages or temporal adverbial phrases.


===Negation===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives do not exist as a distinct part of speech in Jutean, and instead adjectival nouns and stative verbs are used. While stative verbs (such as ''ildeso'', 'be sure/strict') morphologically and syntactically function like other unergative verbs and are used as such, adjectival nouns are added, together with the preposition ''a'' (here: 'of') to a noun like an oblique object, but do not get the oblique case suffix, as in ''dovi a nihaa'', 'old tower' or literally 'tower of oldness'.


Negation of a noun or verb is formed by adding -l (if the word ends in a vowel) or -al (if the word ends in a consonant) to the end of the word. If the verb already has a mood or trigger suffix, the 'al' particle is postponed instead. This can also be done with nouns with a case ending or gerund forms, however it is also possible to add -l to the end (however this is somewhat uncommon with declined nouns)
Intensification is done with the adverb ''haad'' (here: 'much'), and comparative and superlative are in the case of stative verbs formed with the adverbs ''haade'' (more) and ''haadate'' (most), whereas adjectival nouns take another oblique phrase, ''a haada'' (of biggerness) or ''a haadat'' (of biggestness), with the exception of ''haad'' (here: 'bigness'), ''uke'' (goodness), ''dohaa'' (badness), which have their own irregular comparative and superlative forms. Additionally, the superlative can be augmented further with the 'archetypive', reserved for something that is seen as the perfect embodiment of a particular quality or characteristic, i.e. an archetype.


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs in Jutean (always ending in ''-o'') are usually sorted into two main categories, minor (always intransitive verbs such as unergative and many unaccusative verbs) and major verbs (which can be both transitive and intransitive), as Jutean has a mixed morphosyntactic alignment combining split-S ergativity with the Austronesian alignment. Aside from the two main categories, there is a smaller category of “mixed” verbs that combines characteristics of the two main categories, and a number of verbs that are syntactically irregular.


Verbs always end in ''-o'' and have no tense, number, voice or transitivity marked. Similar to ergative verbs in English like "break", the meaning often changes based on whether the sentence has an object or not, for example ''deko'' means 'to hear' in transitive sentences, but 'to listen' in intransitive sentences. This is often used in lieu of a proper passive voice.
Triggers (agentive, patientive, locative and instrumental), as well as voices (active, antipassive, causative, reciprocal and reflexive) and moods (indicative, imperative, conditional, subjunctive, hortative) are usually marked by suffixes or in some cases with particles.
Some verbs, like 'mihinido' (to sleep) are always intransitive, and thus always convey an active meaning, and would need a more complicated construction to render a sentence passive-like, ''noitono mihinido'' ('be made to sleep', literally 'be lead to sleep), which use a patient suffix as a trigger on an auxiliary verb, but more on that later. Other ones are always transitive, though these are very uncommon and usually only additional meanings of ergative verbs, so they are sometimes not treated as a proper separate category. An example would be most meanings of daho (base intransitive meaning: 'to have space'), such as 'to accommodate', 'to make room', 'to send into space', to name a few, are transitive.
 
Several aspects exist: habitual, progressive/continuous and perfective are the most common ones. They are usually indicated by adverbs, but sometimes verbs or nouns can also be used for that.
 
There are also five moods, Indicative, Imperative, Conditional, Subjunctive and Hortative.
 
'''Indicative'''
 
Used for describing reality, general truths and statements proven or, based on some kind of evidence, very likely to be true. It is the default mood and has no suffix.
 
''Vuho vuha ido vuhade a ji.'' The sun shines at this day
 
''No nova un havande.'' Animals live in the wilderness
 
Saiho ta, ivusaie no na. I think, therefore I am.
 
'''Imperative'''
 
For commands and urges. It is formed by reduplicating the first two syllables of the infinitive, however some verbs are irregular here and only reduplicate part of the second syllable.  The personal pronoun can be omitted in this case, or included for emphasis or clarification.
 
''Atoato (na) lin hen!''
 
'''Come here!'''
 
''Tatatataimo (fan) a he la!''
 
'''Forget about him!''' (formal 'you')
 
''Foofool (fan) maja a me fan ma!''
 
'''Don't open your''' (pl) '''eyes!'''
 
'''Conditional'''
 
In Jutean it's used for the hypothetical result of an assumed change in conditions of the world, or, in some cases, for the polite expression of instructions or wishes you don't have much confidence or interest in becoming reality or that are more or less impossible. It's generally seen as the "humble" mood used when talking to someone of high respect or someone you just like that much. It can also be used for exaggerations that are supposed to be a proof of that or just joking.
Formed by adding -ke to the end of the infinitive, which becomes -k in front of words starting with 'h' or in front of verbal particles.
 
''Hokedo no mekoi nuhe hemede ajavi, saimok to na ido saanuti u teko uvaf a saanuvati.'' For there to be fish for food today, you would want to go to the sea and get them from below the surface.
 
''Saimok ta to li neteti.'' I would like to go to the coast [but if it's not possible, that's fine, too]
 
''Hedok la ooneti nuhe me ta ma.'' He/She/Sg. They would take down the moon for me.
 
'''Subjunctive'''
 
Among other things used for energetic proposals, declarations, resolutions, or wishes you have absolute or near absolute faith in becoming true at some point or the time you mentioned. Also a more polite way to command someone to do something.
Formed from infinitives with the -t suffix
 
''Not ta a meodukide te''. I shall be honest from now on.
 
'''Hortative'''
 
This mood can often be seen as being somewhere between the two last ones, used for example for unbinding, but nevertheless assertive or affirmative suggestions, reminders or instructions. This would be translated into English with an auxiliary like "let" or "should".
Formed with the -fe suffix attached to the infinitive.
 
''Tofe fa tuuve.'' Let us go down.
 
''Saavofe na ja.'' You should clean this.
 
Triggers include ''patient'' (-no),''agent'' (-mo), ''causative'' (-vo), ''reciprocal'' (-hut) and ''reflexive''  (-he).  ''Instrumental'' (-de) and ''Locative'' (-hen) exist, but are used rarely. They are also attached to the verb. In intransitive sentences the patient-trigger is default and unmarked, the ''-no'' is only used in transitive sentences. In transitive sentences, the agent-trigger is default and unmarked, with ''-mo'' only used in intransitive sentences or for emphasis.
 
Examples:
[[File:Jutean_example_sentences.png]]
 
A gerund form exists, formed via suffixing ''-hi'', and used to create nominalized subclauses. (See below)
 
If multiple suffixes would have to be added, for example mood and trigger or trigger and negation, only one of them is attached to the verb, with the other ones forming a particle. Which one is added to the verb is decided based on their position in this order: Mood < Trigger < Gerund suffix < Negation, meaning that if a mood morpheme is present, it will be the one added to the verb, with the other one or two forming a particle. If only the trigger and the negation are present, the trigger will be attached and the negation become a particle directly after the verb.


===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===
 
Adverbs do not decline and are among other things often used to indicate the aspect of a verb.
To follow.


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===


Personal pronouns are rather complex, and some forms are thought to be almost unique to Jutean. The inanimate pronouns are gendered, the 3rd person pronoun referring to humans (and other sentient beings) however doesn't make distinctions.
====Personal pronouns====
 
Personal pronouns are rather complex, and some forms are thought to be almost unique to Jutean. The inanimate pronouns are gendered (common, abstract/immaterial, 'wilderness'), the 3rd person pronoun referring to humans (and other sentient beings) however doesn't make distinctions.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
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! style="width: 68px; " |2nd
! style="width: 68px; " |2nd
! style="width: 68px; " |3rd
! style="width: 68px; " |3rd
! style="width: 68px; " |3rd (plants and animals)
! style="width: 68px; " |3rd <small>(plants and animals)</small>
! style="width: 68px; " |3rd (inanimate)
! style="width: 68px; " |3rd <small>(inanimate, gender)</small>
|-
|-
! style="" |Singular
! style="" |Singular
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|-
|-
! style="" |Plural
! style="" |Plural
|fa (incl.), fanal (excl. of 2SG),  
|fa <small>(incl.)</small>, fanal (<small>excl. a single person)</small>,  
fanafal  
fanafal <small>(excl. several people)</small>
(excl. of 2PL)
|naf
|naf
|laf
|laf
|uvuf
|uvuf
|ehif, ahaf, ohuf
|ahaf, ehif, ohuf
|-
|-
! style="" |Collective
! style="" |Collective
|fa (incl.) fafanal (excl.)
|fa <small>(incl.)</small> fafanal <small>(excl. of a group)</small>
|fan
|fan
|fal
|fal
|uvuf, (fuvu)
|uvuf, fuvu <small>(rarely)</small>
|ehif, ahaf, ohuf (a af/efi/uf)  
|ahaf, ehif, ohuf (a af/efi/uf)  
|-
|-
|}
|}
Colloquially and in dialects like Sitti, ''aha, ehi, ohu'' might be used for both singular and plural, and ''af, efi, uf'' for collective and in some cases also plural.


For the indirect case, the particle he is put in front of the pronoun, for the oblique case the circumferential particle me ... ma is used.  
For the indirect case, the particle he is put in front of the pronoun, for the oblique case the circumferential particle me ... ma is used.  


Example: ''ta'' '''I'''
Example: ''ta'' - 'I'
 
''he ta'' '''me, to me'''
 
''me ta ma'' '''for me, of me, by me''' (etc.)


''(li) he ta'' - 'me, (to) me'


'''Demonstrative pronouns'''
''(nuhe) me ta ma, (a) me ta ma'' - '(for) me, (of) me, (by) me' (etc.)


====Demonstrative pronouns====
They are distinguished by gender and distance (proximal, medial and distal).
They are distinguished by gender and distance (proximal, medial and distal).


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! style="width: 68px; " |Common
! style="width: 68px; " |Common
! style="width: 68px; " |Abstract/Immaterial
! style="width: 68px; " |Abstract/Immaterial
! style="width: 68px; " |Wilderness
! style="width: 68px; " |'Wilderness'
|-
|-
! style="" |Proximal
! style="" |Proximal
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|}
|}


Possessive pronouns don't exist. See "Possession" below on how possession is expressed.
===Possessive pronouns===
 
Possessive pronouns don't exist. Instead, ''a'' + personal pronoun in the oblique case are used for inalienable possession. Inalienable possession is limited to (body) parts, family members and friends, as well as thoughts, feelings, actions and experiences. Some other kinds of relationship or authorship can also be indicated with this construction.  
Other pronouns to follow.
 
===Adpositions===


These can sometimes be gendered as well, for example ''ado/ido/udo'' '''at, by''', etc.
''Vunam a he laf ha'' 'Their parent'<br />
<small>("Parent of them")</small>


''Hotif a he ta ha'' 'My book' [a book that I wrote]<br />
<small>("Book of me")</small>


===Question particles===
''Ova a vuhatatede'' 'The top of the mountain'<br />
<small>("Top of mountain")</small>


To form a question, these are attached at the end of a sentence, separated by a comma. They are usually formed by taking the basic particle ''haa'' and adding the thing/concept/detail in question to it, however making new forms "on the fly" is uncommon and very informal.
For everything else, alienable possession is used, which is formed with a relative nominalization describing the situation or relationship between one or more persons and animals (when not treated as friends or family members), objects, jobs, offices, places.


Examples:
''Vailita a vohi a me ta ma'' 'Vehicle that I use'<br />
<small> Vehicle of use-GER of OBL 1S OBL ''('Vehicle of using of me')''</small>


''haaja/-ji/-ju'' '''"what?"'''
''Hotif a fuumohi a me ta ma'' 'Book that I read'<br />
''haan'' '''"where?"'''
<small>Book of read-GER of OBL 1S OBL ''('book of reading of me')''</small>
''haasin'' '''"who?"'''
''hasooni'' '''"when?"'''
''haava'' '''"made of what?"'''
''haatoni'' '''"how?"'''
''haano'' '''"why?"'''


===Derivational morphology===
''Nijauva a sehukohi a vunamede'' 'Cat that parent(s) care for'<br />
<small>Cat of care-GER of parent-OBL ''('cat of caring of parent(s)')''</small>


To follow.
===Adpositions===
These can sometimes be gendered as well, for example ''ado/ido/udo'' 'at, by', etc. and come mostly in front of the noun, although some postpositions, e.g. ''todentije'' ('next'), exist as well.


==Possession==
===Question particles===
To form a question, question particles are attached at the end of a sentence, separated by a comma. They basic particle is ''haa'' and used for yes/no questions. Other questions use particles that consist of the basic form and a suffix, noun or pronoun (depending on what is being asked). While most are well established, occasionally new ones are derived on the spot in informal speech or writing.


Since possessive pronouns are nonexistent, ''a'' + personal pronoun in the oblique case are used for inalienable possession, relationship or authorship.
Examples:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
|-
! Question particle !! Constituents !! Translation
|-
| ''haaja/haaji/haaju'' || ''haa'' + demonstrative || 'What/Which (one)?'
|-
| ''haan'' || ''haa'' + place suffix || 'Where?'
|-
| ''haasin'' || ''haa'' + 'saini' (person/people) || 'Who?'
|-
| ''hasooni' || ''haa'' + ''dooni'' (time) || 'When?'
|-
| ''haava'' || ''haa'' + ''va'' (here: material) || 'Made of what?'
|-
| ''haatoni'' || ''haa'' + ''toni'' (way, method) || 'How?'
|-
| ''haano'' || ''haa'' + ''no'' (to be) || ''Why?''
|}


''Vunam a he laf ha'' '''"Their parent"''' ("Parent of them")
===Negation===
Negation of a noun, verb, adverb or adposition is formed by adding -l (if the word ends in a vowel) or -al (if the word ends in a consonant) to the end of the word. If the verb already has a mood or trigger suffix, the 'al' particle is postponed instead. This can also be done with declined nouns or gerund forms, and is in fact commonly the case with the former.


''Hotif a he ta ha'' '''"My book" [a book that I wrote]''' ("Book of me")
===Derivational morphology===
 
''Main article: [[Jutean derivation]]''
''Ova a vuhatatede'' '''"The top of the mountain"''' ("Top of mountain")


For alienable possession, a relative nominalization is used, for example ''vailita a vohi a me ha ma'' '''"vehicle that I use"''' (literally "vehicle of using of me").  
In general, affixes and compounding are used for derivation. For adverbs, ''-e'' is usually added to the end, while verbs take ''-o'' or ''-ho'', barring some exceptions. Nouns have a variety of possible derivation affixes that can be used to change the gender or noun class of a noun, to create diminutives or augmentatives, instrumentals, resultatives, causatives and create words denoting e.g. ability, agency, and many other characteristics.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
VSO in main clauses. Adverbs come last, with locations preceding time adverbs. Auxiliary verbs precede the other verb directly. Subclauses are usually nominalized, especially relative ones.
''Main article: [[Jutean syntax]]''
 
The complete order would be:
 
1. Conjunction (if two main clauses are connected)
 
2. Auxiliary verb
 
3. Auxiliary verb particle
 
4. Verb
 
5. Verb particle
 
6. Subject (Noun/pronoun in direct case)


7. Direct object (takes the indirect case)
Jutean has an unusually rigid VSO word order that allows few syntactic movements. Questions use a particle rather than a change in word order, and all other constituents of a clause tend to only have one slot they are allowed to go in. However, any of them (verbal phrase, subject, objects etc.) can be dropped if they can be derived from context.


8. Oblique/indirect object (takes the oblique case)
The language is also strongly head-initial, with the heads of verb, noun and adpositional phrases all preceding their complements. Subclauses are always nominalized, but mostly avoided and turned into separate main clauses or incorporated into a main clause with the help of 'verb stacking' or serial verb constructions.


9. Adverbs (manner - place - time)
==Vocabulary==


10. Question particle (separated by comma)
===Native words===
''This section is empty.''


However, if the oblique object is animate, and the direct object is inanimate, sometimes the oblique object can come before the direct object.
===Loans===
''This section is empty.''


==Numerals==
===Numerals===


Jutean uses a base-5 counting system, so "ten" would be literally translated as "two five". Ordinal numbers (first, second, third) are formed by adding the oblique case ending -ede/-de. Numbers aren't declined.
Jutean uses a base-5 counting system, so "ten" would be literally translated as "two five". Ordinal numbers (first, second, third) are formed by adding the oblique case ending -ede/-de. Numbers aren't declined.
Line 571: Line 471:
|}
|}


==Pragmatics==
''Main article: [[Jutean pragmatics]]''
Jutean has three levels of formality. The most formal one is called the 'humble' or 'polite' one, and the less formal registers are the neutral and the casual one. The registers vary in how they phrase e.g. questions and answers, praises, pleas and orders, using different moods, pronouns and dedicated phrases and words as well as honorifics. The unmarked indicative is avoided in the formal one, and greetings and phrasing are generally longer and more elaborate. The casual register is characterized by terse and plain speech, using no honorifics.
Sometimes there is overlap between two, creating a semi-formal register, when the 'humble' register might be inappropriate, such as in a casual everyday conversation, but the speaker wants to be particularly polite, e.g. towards an elderly person or any one else highly respected. Using the inappropriate level of formality can also be used purposefully for humorous effect or to be insulting.
==Legal status and varieties==
''This section is empty.''
==See also==
* [[River Jutean]]
* [[Trans-Ebo-Puzimm languages]]


[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Jute]]
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Trans-Ebo-Puzimm languages]] [[Category:Languages of Jute]] [[Category:Jutean]]

Revision as of 19:04, 23 February 2022

Jutean
Coastal Jutean
Tahivi a net / Net
Pronunciation/tɐhiʋi ɐ net/, /net/
RegionYstel (Jute, South Jute, Mermelia), Lahan (Tuyo), Vaniua (Balakia), Boroso (Lhavres)
EthnicityCoastal Juteans (native), River Juteans, South Juteans, Klambari, Samwati (common second language)
Native speakers1,570,000  (2015)
Language family
Trans-Ebo-Puzimm
  • Saru-Asuran
    • Sanju-Jutean
      • Proto-Jutean
        • Jutean
Early forms:
Ancient Jutean
  • Middle Jutean
    • Reformed Jutean
      • Colonial Jutean
        • Jutean
DialectsSitti
Official status
Official language inJute
CWS codeJUT
200

Coastal Jutean, commonly known as Jutean, is a language of the Jutic branch of the Saru-Asuran language family, itself part of the Trans-Ebo-Puzimm macrofamily, spoken on the island of Jute as the official language and by 1,270,000 people as their native language as well as in several diasporas around the world, such as in South Jute, Balakia and Lhavres. Coastal Jutean is not to be confused with River Jutean, a related, but distinct language spoken mostly inland on the island.

It is assumed to have developed after the first ancestors of present day ethnic Juteans arrived at the island at around 1000 BC. The people remaining on the coast would eventually speak what is today referred to as Jutean, or Coastal Jutean (Jutean: tahivi a net), whereas the people venturing inside would develop River Jutean (River Jutean: tahosoe val ma, /taho͡asoɛ vɐl mɐ/). It had no official status until after Jute regained independence in , during and prior to the colonial era it was just one of the languages spoken on the island, albeit the most widely spoken one.

It is notable for its use of the Austronesian alignment, its lack of adjectives as a separate part of speech, and the absence of marked tense, aspect or number (with the exception of numbers in pronouns). Triggers or intransitive sentences are also used for passive meanings.

Personal pronouns, while having the standard 1st/2nd/3rd person, are unusual in other regards. There are three numbers (arguably four in the first person plural), clusitivity, gender and animacy distinctions.

The language also lacks possessive pronouns, reflecting the different concepts of the speakers of the language regarding ownership. A genitive-like construction is solely used for inalienable possession, for alienable ones relative nominalizations are used, such as "the land I live on", or "the boat I'm sailing" rather than "my land" or "my boat".


Family and origin

This section is empty.

History

This section is empty.

Ancient Jutean

Middle Jutean

Reformed Jutean

Colonial-era Jutean

Modern-day Jutean

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n [ŋ]¹
Plosive t, d k
Fricative f s, [z]² [ʃ]³ h
Approximant ʋ j
Lateral app. l

¹at codas when followed by /k/, allophone of /n/

²at syllable onsets before long vowels, allophone of /s/

³in a few dialects, allophone of /s/

Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i, i: u, u:
Near-close
Close-mid e, e:
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open ɐ ɐ:
Open [a:]¹ ɑ, ɑ:, [ɒ:]²

¹in some dialects, allophone of /ɐ:/

²in some dialects, allophone of /ɑ:/

Diphthongs

ɑi ɑe ɑu ie iɐ iɑ iu ui ue uɐ uɑ eɑ eu ei eɐ ɐu ɐi ɐe

Triphthongs

iɑ: e:ɑ

Phonotactics

Syllable Structure

(C)V(V)(V/C), though V, CV and VC are most common. More complex syllables such as CVC, CVVC appear less often and particularly CVVV is rare.

Consonant clusters can thus only appear at syllable boundaries, and only the geminations of /t/, /k/, /m/, /n/ and /l/ as well as two-consonant clusters starting with /n/, /m/ or /l/ are allowed.

VV are either long vowels or vowel diphthongs, and VVV are long diphthongs.

Stress information

Mostly on the penultimate syllable, sometimes on the last syllable with a long vowel/diphtong, but it's not fixed and can also be used to emphasize a part of a word, for example the negating suffix '-l' or '-al'.

Intonation

This section is empty.

Orthography

This section requires expansion: Information on the orthography of non-Terminic scripts missing

The predominant writing system used for Jutean is a native syllabary independent from, but loosely inspired by native proto-writing and the Adzo-Neviric script brought by Neviran officials in the 17th century, which had been the first people to introduce writing on Jute. It was developed in the 18th century as a form of cultural resistance to Neviran officials to prevent further assimilation and distinguish the native languages more clearly.

The romanization is as follows:

Aa /a/ Dd /d/ Ee /e/ Ff /f/ Hh /h/ Ii /i/ Jj /j/ Kk /k/

Ll /l/ Mm /m/ Nn /n/, /ŋ/ Oo /ɑ/ Ss /s/, /ʃ/ Tt /t/ Uu /u/ Vv /ʋ/

Capital letters are only used for the beginning of a sentence and for names.

Morphology

Main article: Jutean inflection

Nouns

Nouns belong to one of three noun classes. The first one is generally termed the 'common' or 'civilization' noun class and entails people, professions, domesticated or harmless animals and physical, everyday things, such as dova (tree). The second one is the 'abstract' or 'immaterial' noun class and contains all intangible items, ideas, concepts, such as 'dovi' (height) It is also used for much of space vocabulary and for some general terms. The third noun class is labeled 'wilderness', words related to the jungle, the ocean, or other 'wild' places, physical and metaphorical (e.g. the subconscious) belong to it, such as 'dovu' (jungle tree). However, there are words that don't find this pattern due to having a particular noun class for etymological reasons, such as 'dovi' (tower) which is derived from 'dovi' (height) and so retains the immaterial/abstract noun class.

Three cases exist, the unmarked direct case for subjects, the indirect case for direct objects and oblique objects designating a location, and the oblique case for all other oblique objects. They are marked by suffixes or, in the case of longer words, with particles. Some nouns do not decline, such as adjectical nouns, or do not in specific circumstances, e.g. in names of languages or temporal adverbial phrases.

Adjectives

Adjectives do not exist as a distinct part of speech in Jutean, and instead adjectival nouns and stative verbs are used. While stative verbs (such as ildeso, 'be sure/strict') morphologically and syntactically function like other unergative verbs and are used as such, adjectival nouns are added, together with the preposition a (here: 'of') to a noun like an oblique object, but do not get the oblique case suffix, as in dovi a nihaa, 'old tower' or literally 'tower of oldness'.

Intensification is done with the adverb haad (here: 'much'), and comparative and superlative are in the case of stative verbs formed with the adverbs haade (more) and haadate (most), whereas adjectival nouns take another oblique phrase, a haada (of biggerness) or a haadat (of biggestness), with the exception of haad (here: 'bigness'), uke (goodness), dohaa (badness), which have their own irregular comparative and superlative forms. Additionally, the superlative can be augmented further with the 'archetypive', reserved for something that is seen as the perfect embodiment of a particular quality or characteristic, i.e. an archetype.

Verbs

Verbs in Jutean (always ending in -o) are usually sorted into two main categories, minor (always intransitive verbs such as unergative and many unaccusative verbs) and major verbs (which can be both transitive and intransitive), as Jutean has a mixed morphosyntactic alignment combining split-S ergativity with the Austronesian alignment. Aside from the two main categories, there is a smaller category of “mixed” verbs that combines characteristics of the two main categories, and a number of verbs that are syntactically irregular.

Triggers (agentive, patientive, locative and instrumental), as well as voices (active, antipassive, causative, reciprocal and reflexive) and moods (indicative, imperative, conditional, subjunctive, hortative) are usually marked by suffixes or in some cases with particles.

Adverbs

Adverbs do not decline and are among other things often used to indicate the aspect of a verb.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are rather complex, and some forms are thought to be almost unique to Jutean. The inanimate pronouns are gendered (common, abstract/immaterial, 'wilderness'), the 3rd person pronoun referring to humans (and other sentient beings) however doesn't make distinctions.

Person 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd (plants and animals) 3rd (inanimate, gender)
Singular ta na la uvu ehi, aha, ohu
Plural fa (incl.), fanal (excl. a single person),

fanafal (excl. several people)

naf laf uvuf ahaf, ehif, ohuf
Collective fa (incl.) fafanal (excl. of a group) fan fal uvuf, fuvu (rarely) ahaf, ehif, ohuf (a af/efi/uf)

Colloquially and in dialects like Sitti, aha, ehi, ohu might be used for both singular and plural, and af, efi, uf for collective and in some cases also plural.

For the indirect case, the particle he is put in front of the pronoun, for the oblique case the circumferential particle me ... ma is used.

Example: ta - 'I'

(li) he ta - 'me, (to) me'

(nuhe) me ta ma, (a) me ta ma - '(for) me, (of) me, (by) me' (etc.)

Demonstrative pronouns

They are distinguished by gender and distance (proximal, medial and distal).

Gender Common Abstract/Immaterial 'Wilderness'
Proximal ja ji ju
Medial jam jim jum
Distal jaha jahi jahu

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns don't exist. Instead, a + personal pronoun in the oblique case are used for inalienable possession. Inalienable possession is limited to (body) parts, family members and friends, as well as thoughts, feelings, actions and experiences. Some other kinds of relationship or authorship can also be indicated with this construction.

Vunam a he laf ha 'Their parent'
("Parent of them")

Hotif a he ta ha 'My book' [a book that I wrote]
("Book of me")

Ova a vuhatatede 'The top of the mountain'
("Top of mountain")

For everything else, alienable possession is used, which is formed with a relative nominalization describing the situation or relationship between one or more persons and animals (when not treated as friends or family members), objects, jobs, offices, places.

Vailita a vohi a me ta ma 'Vehicle that I use'
Vehicle of use-GER of OBL 1S OBL ('Vehicle of using of me')

Hotif a fuumohi a me ta ma 'Book that I read'
Book of read-GER of OBL 1S OBL ('book of reading of me')

Nijauva a sehukohi a vunamede 'Cat that parent(s) care for'
Cat of care-GER of parent-OBL ('cat of caring of parent(s)')

Adpositions

These can sometimes be gendered as well, for example ado/ido/udo 'at, by', etc. and come mostly in front of the noun, although some postpositions, e.g. todentije ('next'), exist as well.

Question particles

To form a question, question particles are attached at the end of a sentence, separated by a comma. They basic particle is haa and used for yes/no questions. Other questions use particles that consist of the basic form and a suffix, noun or pronoun (depending on what is being asked). While most are well established, occasionally new ones are derived on the spot in informal speech or writing.

Examples:

Question particle Constituents Translation
haaja/haaji/haaju haa + demonstrative 'What/Which (one)?'
haan haa + place suffix 'Where?'
haasin haa + 'saini' (person/people) 'Who?'
hasooni' haa + dooni (time) 'When?'
haava haa + va (here: material) 'Made of what?'
haatoni haa + toni (way, method) 'How?'
haano haa + no (to be) Why?

Negation

Negation of a noun, verb, adverb or adposition is formed by adding -l (if the word ends in a vowel) or -al (if the word ends in a consonant) to the end of the word. If the verb already has a mood or trigger suffix, the 'al' particle is postponed instead. This can also be done with declined nouns or gerund forms, and is in fact commonly the case with the former.

Derivational morphology

Main article: Jutean derivation

In general, affixes and compounding are used for derivation. For adverbs, -e is usually added to the end, while verbs take -o or -ho, barring some exceptions. Nouns have a variety of possible derivation affixes that can be used to change the gender or noun class of a noun, to create diminutives or augmentatives, instrumentals, resultatives, causatives and create words denoting e.g. ability, agency, and many other characteristics.

Syntax

Main article: Jutean syntax

Jutean has an unusually rigid VSO word order that allows few syntactic movements. Questions use a particle rather than a change in word order, and all other constituents of a clause tend to only have one slot they are allowed to go in. However, any of them (verbal phrase, subject, objects etc.) can be dropped if they can be derived from context.

The language is also strongly head-initial, with the heads of verb, noun and adpositional phrases all preceding their complements. Subclauses are always nominalized, but mostly avoided and turned into separate main clauses or incorporated into a main clause with the help of 'verb stacking' or serial verb constructions.

Vocabulary

Native words

This section is empty.

Loans

This section is empty.

Numerals

Jutean uses a base-5 counting system, so "ten" would be literally translated as "two five". Ordinal numbers (first, second, third) are formed by adding the oblique case ending -ede/-de. Numbers aren't declined.


Number Cardinal Ordinal
1 iki ikide
2 leke lekede
3 kiuki kiukide
4 kihaki kihakide
5 kiif kiifede
6 kiif-iki kiif-ikide
7 kiif-leke kiif-lekede
8 kiif-kiuki kiif-kiukide
9 kiif-kihaki kiif-kihakide
10 leke-kiivi leke-kiivide
11 leke-kiivi iki leke-kiivi ikide
12 leke-kiivi leke leke-kiivi lekede

Pragmatics

Main article: Jutean pragmatics

Jutean has three levels of formality. The most formal one is called the 'humble' or 'polite' one, and the less formal registers are the neutral and the casual one. The registers vary in how they phrase e.g. questions and answers, praises, pleas and orders, using different moods, pronouns and dedicated phrases and words as well as honorifics. The unmarked indicative is avoided in the formal one, and greetings and phrasing are generally longer and more elaborate. The casual register is characterized by terse and plain speech, using no honorifics.

Sometimes there is overlap between two, creating a semi-formal register, when the 'humble' register might be inappropriate, such as in a casual everyday conversation, but the speaker wants to be particularly polite, e.g. towards an elderly person or any one else highly respected. Using the inappropriate level of formality can also be used purposefully for humorous effect or to be insulting.

Legal status and varieties

This section is empty.

See also