Difference between revisions of "Fádallan language"
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = | |name = Fádallan | ||
| | |nativename = {{cs|FDL|þadĀl}}<br>''Páadtal'' | ||
| | |pronunciation = [fɐ̀:tɐl] | ||
| | |creator = | ||
| | |setting = | ||
| | |||
|states = [[Fádalh]] | |||
|latd = | latm = | latNS = <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | |latd = | latm = | latNS = <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | ||
|longd = | longm = | longEW = <!-- longitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | |longd = | longm = | longEW = <!-- longitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | ||
|ethnicity = | |ethnicity = native Fádallan and those of Fádallan descent in other countries | ||
|speakers = | |speakers = ~10,000 | ||
|date = | |date = 2013 census | ||
|familycolor = | |familycolor = theweric | ||
|fam1 | |fam1 = Theweric | ||
| | |fam2 = [[Proto-Theweric language|Proto-Theweric]] | ||
| | |fam3 = Proto-Dhweran | ||
| | |fam4 = Ancient Dhwer | ||
| | |ancestor = Old Fádallan | ||
| | |dia1 = [[Lhavrinian Fádallan]] | ||
|script = | |||
|nation = | |script = [[Fádallan script]], a derivative of the [[Dulic script]] | ||
|nation = [[Fádalh]] | |||
|iso3 = | |iso3 = FDL | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
|imagesize = | |imagesize = | ||
Line 34: | Line 36: | ||
}} | }} | ||
== | '''Fádallan''' ({{cs|FDL|þadĀl}} ''Páadtal'', [fɐ̀:tɐl]) is a [[Theweric languages|Theweric]] language spoken by around 10,000 speakers in [[Fádalh]], where it is the official language, and within Fádallan communities in other countries. It is a member of the Theweric language family, separating from the [[Dhwer language|Dhwer]] branch around 800 years ago with the settlement of Fádalh as a colony of the [[Great Dhweran Empire]]. | ||
Fádallan loans heavily from [[Saavdis]], spoken in the neighbouring [[Fals Empire]]. Saavdis loans are used primarily in colloquial speech, with native Fádallan words being used in more formal contexts and being viewed as more sophisticated, analogous to the usage of Greek and Latin loans in the English language. As a result of greater ease of communication in the 21st century, more and more Saavdis loans are being incorporated into Fádallan, with an estimated 35% of words being of Saavdis origin. | |||
Fádallan is a heavily [[wikipedia:Fusional language|fusional]], ergative-absolutive language with a simple two tone tonal system, phonemic vowel length, and a a small set of phonemic consonants with no voiced stops or fricatives. The primary word order is [[wikipedia:Verb–object–subject|verb-object-subject]], with a small number of auxiliaries placed after the verb to indicate some moods. Fádallan has a complex system of verbal and nominal inflection, with multiple classes and inflections. Verbs conjugate for [[wikipedia:Grammatical person|person]], [[wikipedia:Grammatical tense|tense]], and [[wikipedia:Grammatical mood|mood]], but not [[wikipedia:Grammatical number|number]]. Questions are formed using an [[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]. Nouns have number and several basic cases, such as the [[wikipedia:Genitive case|genitive]] and [[wikipedia:Locative case|locative]]. | |||
==Classification== | |||
[[File:Theweric-phylogenetic-tree.png|thumb|[[wikipedia:Phylogenetic tree|Phylogenetic tree]] showing the historical relations between the languages of the Theweric languages]] | |||
Fádallan is a [[Theweric languages|Theweric language]], belonging to the Dhweran branch along with [[Dhwer]], Fádallan's closest relative. Fádallan descends from Old Fádallan and shares Ancient Dhwer as a common ancestor with modern Dhwer. A number of small dialects have developed from Fádallan communities in countries other than Fádalh, most prominently [[Lhavrinian Fádallan]]. | |||
Fádallan is classified as a Theweric language because it shares features with other Theweric languages that distinguish them from other languages in the same region, showing that they descend from a common ancestor. Some shared features include ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment, large amounts of vocabulary, and extensively studied sound correspondences between languages. | |||
For example, the following is examples of various cognates in Theweric languages, contrasted with words of the same meaning in other nearby languages. | |||
* examples here once izaak sorts dhwer out | |||
* examples here once izaak sorts dhwer out | |||
* examples here once izaak sorts dhwer out | |||
Because Fádallan developed separated from Dhwer and was affected considerably by surrounding languages, such as Saavdis, it is very divergent from other Theweric languages and does not have any immediate outward resemblance to them. This has lead to some question regarding its classification in the past, however all such claims have been since discounted and general consensus is that Fádallan is Theweric. | |||
==History== | |||
{{main|History of the Fádallan language}} | |||
- | ===Old Fádallan=== | ||
Due to a combination of few remaining written records and extreme conservatism around how the language was written followed by periods of rapid development, dates around Old Fádallan are very approximate. Most linguists place the divergence of Old Fádallan from Ancient Dhwer at c. 1400-1450. During this period there was little to no contact with the [[Great Dhweran Empire]], allowing the language to develop in an entirely different direction from mainland Dhwer. | |||
At this point, Old Fádallan was very different from modern Fádallan, with many reductionist sound changes yet to happen. Inflections were still largely just suffixes as in Ancient Dhwer and a lot of sounds lost still persisted. | |||
By the time of the [[Leztic occupation of Fádalh|Letzic occupation]] in 1610, Old Fádallan had completely separated from Ancient Dhwer and begun the transition into modern Fádallan. This period of Old Fádallan's development is considerably better documented. Most Letzic influences on modern Fádallan come from this period. | |||
===Early Modern Fádallan=== | |||
wip | |||
==Geographic distribution== | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| | |||
Fádallan phonology has 11 consonant phonemes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | |+ Consonant phonemes | ||
| | ! | ||
| | ! colspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labia]]l | ||
! colspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | |||
| | ! colspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | ||
| | ! colspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]] | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" | | ! [[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ||
| | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[wikipedia:Bilabial nasal|m]] | ||
| | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[wikipedia:Dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals#Alveolar|n]] | ||
| | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[wikipedia:Palatal nasal|ɲ]] | ||
| | | colspan="2" | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" | | ! [[wikipedia:Stop consonant|Stop]] | ||
| | | colspan="2" | | ||
| | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar stops#Alveolar|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| | | colspan="2" | | ||
| | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[wikipedia:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" | | ! [[wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ||
| | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| | | colspan="2" | | ||
| | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! [[wikipedia:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ||
| | | colspan="2" | | ||
| | | colspan="2" | | ||
| | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[wikipedia:Palatal approximant#Approximant|j]] | ||
| | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[wikipedia:Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]] | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" | | ! [[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Lateral]] | ||
| | | colspan="2" | | ||
| | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[wikipedia:Alveolar lateral approximant|l]] | ||
| | | colspan="2" | | ||
| | | colspan="2" | | ||
| | |} | ||
| | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
The Fádallan vowel inventory is fairly large, consisting of 20 vowel phonemes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" | | |+Vowel phonemes | ||
| | ! | ||
| | ! [[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]] | ||
| | ! [[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]] | ||
| | ! [[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]] | ||
| | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| | ! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]] | ||
| | | [[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || [[wikipedia:Close central rounded vowel|ʉ]] || | ||
| | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| | ! [[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]] | ||
| | | [[wikipedia:Mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || || [[wikipedia:Mid back rounded vowel|o]] | ||
| | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| | ! [[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]] | ||
|- | | || [[wikipedia:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]] || | ||
|} | |||
| | |||
| | All vowels have phonemic length (long vs. short) and tone (low vs. mid) contrasts, resulting in 4 forms for each basic vowel phoneme, e.g. /ʉ ʉ: ʉ̀ ʉ̀:/ for /ʉ/. Compare the following contrasting pairs: | ||
| | |||
| | :{| cellpadding="3" | ||
| ''ko'' {{IPA|/ko/}} 'mouth, chin,' vs. | |||
| ''kooa'' {{IPA|/ko:/}} 'wet, submerged' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ódc'' {{IPA|/o/}} 'arm' vs. | |||
| | | ''odc'' {{IPA|/ò/}} 'father' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''kaca'' {{IPA|/kɐ/}} 'first, primary' vs. | |||
| ''kaadc'' {{IPA|/kɐ̀:/}} 'I' (1SG.NOM) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | |||
===Orthography=== | |||
<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IPA then visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up. --> | |||
==Grammar== | |||
{{main|Fádallan grammar}} | |||
Modern Fádallan grammar has developed from a Proto-Theweric system involving agglutinative inflection with a strict word order to a heavily fusional inflection with multiple word classes, ablaut, and more free word order. Fádallan retain's Proto-Theweric's rich inventory of noun cases and verb moods, supplemented with prepositions where they were merged and reduced. Relative clause markers agree with their heads in person and questions are marked using an interrogative mood on the verb. | |||
===Nouns and noun phrases=== | |||
Fádallan nouns are conjugated for two numbers and seven total cases, including a distal locative. Innovation is extremely common, with new nouns being formed primarily through compounding or as complete phrases. There is no distinction between mass or count nouns, with singular being treated as some basic unit determined through context and plural being multiple units. | |||
Noun phrases are head final, with determiners coming before adjectives. There is no definiteness marking. | |||
====Cases and number marking==== | |||
====Adjectives==== | |||
Adjectives come before the nouns they modify, with no form of agreement. There is no distinction between adjectives and adverbs. | |||
====Pronouns and demonstratives==== | |||
Pronouns inflect for case, number, and person. Unlike nouns, pronouns use a nominative-accusative alignment. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Fádallan personal pronouns | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! scope="col" | Person | ||
| | ! scope="col" | Nominative case | ||
| | ! scope="col" | Accusative case | ||
| | ! scope="col" | Dative case | ||
| | ! scope="col" | Genitive case | ||
| | ! scope="col" | Locative case | ||
! scope="col" | Instrumental case | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! scope="row" | 1st p. sg. | ||
| | | ''i'' || rowspan="2" | ''kaadc'' || ''iic'' || ''íiúl'' || ''íihik'' || ''íiús'' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! scope="row" | 1st p. pl. | ||
| | | ''iiic'' || ''iiin'' || ''iiic na'' || ''íiiník'' || ''iiunus'' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! scope="row" | 2nd p. sg. | ||
| | | ''suuc'' || ''taá'' || ''sum'' || ''suuc na'' || ''sumik'' || ''sumus'' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! scope="row" | 2nd p. pl. | ||
| | | ''suni'' || ''tas'' || ''suniin'' || ''suni na'' || ''suniiník'' || ''suniinus'' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! scope="row" | 3rd p. sg. | ||
| | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''ol'' || ''ol'' || rowspan="2" | ''ol na'' || ''olik'' || ''olik'' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! scope="row" | 3rd p. pl | ||
| | | ''olin'' || ''oliník'' || ''olinus'' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ====Prepositions==== | ||
===Verbs and verb phrases=== | |||
====Tense, aspect, and mood==== | |||
== | ====Auxiliaries==== | ||
=== | |||
====Questions==== | |||
===Syntax=== | |||
====Basic constituent order==== | |||
== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
==Writing system== | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Theweric languages]] | |||
[[Category:Fádalh]] |
Latest revision as of 14:32, 26 January 2021
Fádallan | |
---|---|
þadĀl Páadtal | |
Pronunciation | [fɐ̀:tɐl] |
Ethnicity | native Fádallan and those of Fádallan descent in other countries |
Native speakers | ~10,000 (2013 census) |
Language family | Theweric
|
Early forms: | Old Fádallan
|
Dialects | |
Writing system | Fádallan script, a derivative of the Dulic script |
Official status | |
Official language in | Fádalh |
CWS code | FDL |
Fádallan (þadĀl Páadtal, [fɐ̀:tɐl]) is a Theweric language spoken by around 10,000 speakers in Fádalh, where it is the official language, and within Fádallan communities in other countries. It is a member of the Theweric language family, separating from the Dhwer branch around 800 years ago with the settlement of Fádalh as a colony of the Great Dhweran Empire.
Fádallan loans heavily from Saavdis, spoken in the neighbouring Fals Empire. Saavdis loans are used primarily in colloquial speech, with native Fádallan words being used in more formal contexts and being viewed as more sophisticated, analogous to the usage of Greek and Latin loans in the English language. As a result of greater ease of communication in the 21st century, more and more Saavdis loans are being incorporated into Fádallan, with an estimated 35% of words being of Saavdis origin.
Fádallan is a heavily fusional, ergative-absolutive language with a simple two tone tonal system, phonemic vowel length, and a a small set of phonemic consonants with no voiced stops or fricatives. The primary word order is verb-object-subject, with a small number of auxiliaries placed after the verb to indicate some moods. Fádallan has a complex system of verbal and nominal inflection, with multiple classes and inflections. Verbs conjugate for person, tense, and mood, but not number. Questions are formed using an interrogative mood. Nouns have number and several basic cases, such as the genitive and locative.
Classification
Fádallan is a Theweric language, belonging to the Dhweran branch along with Dhwer, Fádallan's closest relative. Fádallan descends from Old Fádallan and shares Ancient Dhwer as a common ancestor with modern Dhwer. A number of small dialects have developed from Fádallan communities in countries other than Fádalh, most prominently Lhavrinian Fádallan.
Fádallan is classified as a Theweric language because it shares features with other Theweric languages that distinguish them from other languages in the same region, showing that they descend from a common ancestor. Some shared features include ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment, large amounts of vocabulary, and extensively studied sound correspondences between languages.
For example, the following is examples of various cognates in Theweric languages, contrasted with words of the same meaning in other nearby languages.
- examples here once izaak sorts dhwer out
- examples here once izaak sorts dhwer out
- examples here once izaak sorts dhwer out
Because Fádallan developed separated from Dhwer and was affected considerably by surrounding languages, such as Saavdis, it is very divergent from other Theweric languages and does not have any immediate outward resemblance to them. This has lead to some question regarding its classification in the past, however all such claims have been since discounted and general consensus is that Fádallan is Theweric.
History
Old Fádallan
Due to a combination of few remaining written records and extreme conservatism around how the language was written followed by periods of rapid development, dates around Old Fádallan are very approximate. Most linguists place the divergence of Old Fádallan from Ancient Dhwer at c. 1400-1450. During this period there was little to no contact with the Great Dhweran Empire, allowing the language to develop in an entirely different direction from mainland Dhwer.
At this point, Old Fádallan was very different from modern Fádallan, with many reductionist sound changes yet to happen. Inflections were still largely just suffixes as in Ancient Dhwer and a lot of sounds lost still persisted.
By the time of the Letzic occupation in 1610, Old Fádallan had completely separated from Ancient Dhwer and begun the transition into modern Fádallan. This period of Old Fádallan's development is considerably better documented. Most Letzic influences on modern Fádallan come from this period.
Early Modern Fádallan
wip
Geographic distribution
Phonology
Consonants
Fádallan phonology has 11 consonant phonemes.
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||||
Stop | t | k | ||||||
Fricative | f | s | x | |||||
Approximant | j | w | ||||||
Lateral | l |
Vowels
The Fádallan vowel inventory is fairly large, consisting of 20 vowel phonemes.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ʉ | |
Mid | e | o | |
Open | ɐ |
All vowels have phonemic length (long vs. short) and tone (low vs. mid) contrasts, resulting in 4 forms for each basic vowel phoneme, e.g. /ʉ ʉ: ʉ̀ ʉ̀:/ for /ʉ/. Compare the following contrasting pairs:
ko /ko/ 'mouth, chin,' vs. kooa /ko:/ 'wet, submerged' ódc /o/ 'arm' vs. odc /ò/ 'father' kaca /kɐ/ 'first, primary' vs. kaadc /kɐ̀:/ 'I' (1SG.NOM)
Phonotactics
Orthography
Grammar
Modern Fádallan grammar has developed from a Proto-Theweric system involving agglutinative inflection with a strict word order to a heavily fusional inflection with multiple word classes, ablaut, and more free word order. Fádallan retain's Proto-Theweric's rich inventory of noun cases and verb moods, supplemented with prepositions where they were merged and reduced. Relative clause markers agree with their heads in person and questions are marked using an interrogative mood on the verb.
Nouns and noun phrases
Fádallan nouns are conjugated for two numbers and seven total cases, including a distal locative. Innovation is extremely common, with new nouns being formed primarily through compounding or as complete phrases. There is no distinction between mass or count nouns, with singular being treated as some basic unit determined through context and plural being multiple units.
Noun phrases are head final, with determiners coming before adjectives. There is no definiteness marking.
Cases and number marking
Adjectives
Adjectives come before the nouns they modify, with no form of agreement. There is no distinction between adjectives and adverbs.
Pronouns and demonstratives
Pronouns inflect for case, number, and person. Unlike nouns, pronouns use a nominative-accusative alignment.
Person | Nominative case | Accusative case | Dative case | Genitive case | Locative case | Instrumental case |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st p. sg. | i | kaadc | iic | íiúl | íihik | íiús |
1st p. pl. | iiic | iiin | iiic na | íiiník | iiunus | |
2nd p. sg. | suuc | taá | sum | suuc na | sumik | sumus |
2nd p. pl. | suni | tas | suniin | suni na | suniiník | suniinus |
3rd p. sg. | ol | ol | ol na | olik | olik | |
3rd p. pl | olin | oliník | olinus |