Difference between revisions of "List of language families"

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(→‎Language families: Added Yennodorian and Yaharan lang fams.)
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{{under construction}}
{{construction}}


This set of lists of language families also includes language isolates, unclassified languages, extinct language groups, and signed languages.
This set of lists of language families also includes language isolates, unclassified languages, extinct language groups, and signed languages.
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!Location
!Location
!Proposed parent family
!Proposed parent family
|-
|[[Adzamic languages|Adzo-Neviran languages]]
|8
|260,000,000
|[[Ekuosia]], [[Puzimm]]
|[[Ekuo-Lahiri languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Alpic languages]]
|[[Alpic languages]]
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|-
|-
|[[Asuranesian languages]]
|[[Asuranesian languages]]
|
|10
|
|
|[[Asuranesia]], [[Nagu]]
|[[Asuranesia]], [[Nagu]]
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|-
|-
|[[Baredan languages]]
|[[Baredan languages]]
|
| 4
|
| 55,208,000
|[[South Baredina]]
|[[South Baredina]]
|
|
Line 64: Line 58:
|-
|-
|[[Cathani languages]]
|[[Cathani languages]]
|
|21
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Parshita]]
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|
|
|-
|-
|[[Daleic languages]]
|[[Darkinic languages]]
|
|
|220,000,000
|
|[[Ekuosia]], [[Puzimm]], [[Parshita]]
|[[Soltenna]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Darkinic languages]]
|[[East-Mirarian languages]]
|50+
|50,000,000+
|[[Mahavia]], [[Parshita]], [[Tlukeria]]
|
|
|-
|[[Ekuo-Lahiri languages]]
|15
|350,000,000
|[[Ekuosia]], [[Puzimm]], [[Lahan]]
|
|
|[[Soltenna]]
|-
|[[Hedretic languages]]
|6
|
|
|[[East Miraria]], [[Parshita]]
|[[Plateau languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Jö-Ku languages]]
|[[Jö-Ku languages]]
|
|4
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Parshita]]
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|[[Puzimm]]
|[[Puzimm]]
|
|
|-
|[[Kiorian languages]]
|2
| 12,000
|[[Boroso]]
|[[Upper Borosan languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Konaaczinh languages]]
|[[Konaaczinh languages]]
|1
|2
|
|
|[[Boroso]]
|[[Boroso]]
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|[[Ekuosia]]
|[[Ekuosia]]
|
|
|-
|[[Lahiri languages]]
|3
|45,000,000
|[[Lahan]]
|[[Ekuo-Lahiri languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Letsic languages]]
|[[Letsic languages]]
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|8,500,000
|8,500,000
|[[North Miraria]]
|[[North Miraria]]
|
|-
|[[Macro-Daleic]]
|
|
|[[Ekuosia]]
|
|-
|[[Maedim languages]]
|4
|
|[[Puzimm]]
|
|
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|[[Mherdic languages]]
|[[Mherdic languages]]
|
|12
|
|250,000,000
|[[Boroso]]
|[[Boroso]]
|
|
|-
|[[Milevic languages]]
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Shaelic languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Ngerupic languages]]
|[[Ngerupic languages]]
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|300,000,000
|300,000,000
|[[Akulanen]], [[Soltenna]], [[Ekuosia]]
|[[Akulanen]], [[Soltenna]], [[Ekuosia]]
|
|-
|[[Ngeyvic languages]]
|4
|680,000
|[[West Miraria]]
|
|
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|[[Nuhay-Setyalnian languages]]
|[[Nuhay-Setyalnian languages]]
|2
|3
|
|
|[[Boroso]]
|[[Boroso]]
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|-
|-
|[[Õlukalic languages]]
|[[Õlukalic languages]]
|
|7
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Parshita]]
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|
|
|-
|-
|[[Palawe languages]]
|[[Palawan languages]]
|2
|
|100,000
|
|[[Ekuosia]]
|[[Ekuosia]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Paroan languages]]
|[[Paroan languages]]
|
|4
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Parshita]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Q'eb languages]]
|[[Qonklese languages]]
|2
|5
|10,000,000
|200,000,000
|[[Ekuosia]]
|[[Soltenna]]
|[[Ekuo-Lahiri languages]]
|[[Proto-Soltennan]]
|-
|-
|[[Quatic languages]]
|[[Quatic languages]]
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|-
|-
|[[Rartakan languages]]
|[[Rartakan languages]]
|
|27
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Parshita]]
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|
|
|-
|-
|[[Shekkuan languages]]
|[[Shaelic languages]]
|11+
|74,000,000+
|[[Parshita]], [[Tlukeria]]
|
|
|
 
|[[Shekku]]
|[[Shaelic languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Sitr languages]]
|[[Sitr languages]]
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|-
|-
|[[Tiengic languages]]
|[[Tiengic languages]]
|
|1
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Parshita]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Tlukeric languages]]
|[[Lhochan languages]]
|3
|2,400,000
|[[Yakormonyo]]
|
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Shaelic languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Vaniuan languages]]
|[[Vaniuan languages]]
|20
|20
|400,000,000
|502,000,000
|[[Vaniua]]
|[[Vaniua]]
|
|
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| 230,000,000
| 230,000,000
|[[South Baredina]]
|[[South Baredina]]
|
|-
|[[Yaharan languages]]
| 3
|
|[[Boroso]]
|
|-
|[[Yennodorian languages]]
| 5
|
|[[Boroso]]
|
|
|-
|-
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|[[Soltenna]]
|[[Soltenna]]
|[[Sitr-Yenan languages]]
|[[Sitr-Yenan languages]]
|-
|[[Yisi languages]]
|3
|
|[[Puzimm]]
|
|-
|-
|[[Ystellic languages]]
|[[Ystellic languages]]
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===Boroso===
===Boroso===
*[[Aktari language]]
*[[Czucz language]]
*[[Czucz language]]
*[[Mbamigi language]]
*[[Mbamigi language]] (may be part of the larger [[Upper Borosan languages|Upper Borosan language family]])
*[[Munidan language]]
*[[Vuurušnian language]]


===Miraria===
===Miraria===
*[[Carhinese language]]
*[[Carhinese language]]
*[[Doaaq language]]
*[[Doktakur language]]
*[[Doktakur language]]
*[[Gaelder language]]
*[[Ov language]]
*[[Ov language]]
*[[Vodholk language]]
*[[Vodholk language]]
*[[Way language]]
*[[Way language]]
===Nagu===
*[[Taliga language|Taliga]] - Around 200k speakers
*[[Tigi language|Tigi]]
*[[Pafika language|Pafika]] - Possibly extinct
*[[Tzula language|Tzula]]
*[[Danshali language|Danshali]]


==Unclassified languages==
==Unclassified languages==
Languages are considered unclassified either because, for one reason or another, little effort has been made to compare them with other languages or more commonly, because they are too poorly documented to permit reliable classification: most such languages are extinct and, most likely, will never be known well enough to classify.
Languages are considered unclassified either because, for one reason or another, little effort has been made to compare them with other languages or more commonly, because they are too poorly documented to permit reliable classification: most such languages are extinct and, most likely, will never be known well enough to classify.


===Miraria===
*[[Naqui Basin language]]


==Extinct families and unclassified languages==
==Extinct families and unclassified languages==
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|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Ngerupic languages]] (not commonly accepted)
|[[Ngerupic languages]] (not commonly accepted)
|-
|[[Halarian language]]
|1
|5th century BCE
|[[Azerin]], [[Barradiwa]]
|{{yes}}
|[[Ekuo-Lahiri languages]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


 
==Creoles and mixed languages==
==Other language classifications==
The classification of languages into families, assumes that all of them develop from a single parent proto-language and evolve over time into different daughter language(s). While the vast majority of tongues fit this description fairly well, there are exceptions.
A mixed language often refers to a particular combination of existing ones, which may stem from different families: a pidgin is a simple language used for communication between groups; this may involve simplification and/or mixing of multiple languages. When a pidgin develops into a more stable language which children learn from birth, it is usually called a "creole."


===Termic creoles===
===Termic creoles===


===Shohuanese creoles===
===Shohuanese creoles===


==Sign languages==
==Sign languages==
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Sign language isolates include:
Sign language isolates include:
* [[Vodholk language|Manual Vodholk]] ([[Achiyitqana]])
* [[Vodholk language|Manual Vodholk]] ([[Achiyitqana]])
* [[Pomvonuka]] ([[Rovenia]] and [[Madinia]])





Revision as of 19:29, 9 August 2019

This set of lists of language families also includes language isolates, unclassified languages, extinct language groups, and signed languages.

Language families

In the following chart, each row is a recognized language family, with data on how many languages belong to each family, which regions they are primarily spoken in and by how many people as a first language. Note that only extant languages are counted, no extinct ones. Thus, a family can have one language if the other languages have gone extinct.

Family name Languages Current speakers Location Proposed parent family
Alpic languages Alpa
Amaian languages 10 35,000,000 Vaniua, Parshita Amaian-Voontic languages
Argeyazic languages 2 175,000,000 Ekuosia
Asuranesian languages 10 Asuranesia, Nagu
Atruozan languages South Baredina, Ystel Ystelo-Atruozan languages
Baredan languages 4 55,208,000 South Baredina
Bavkir languages 100,000,000 Boroso, Ekuosia
Cathani languages 21 Parshita
Colian languages 5 26,000,000 Soltenna
Darkinic languages Soltenna
East-Mirarian languages 50+ 50,000,000+ Mahavia, Parshita, Tlukeria
Ekuo-Lahiri languages 15 350,000,000 Ekuosia, Puzimm, Lahan
Hedretic languages 6 East Miraria, Parshita Plateau languages
Jö-Ku languages 4 Parshita
Kame languages Parshita
Kencha languages 2 2,000 Puzimm
Kiorian languages 2 12,000 Boroso Upper Borosan languages
Konaaczinh languages 2 Boroso
Kõ languages Ekuosia
Letsic languages 8 400,000,000 Ekuosia
Maakpauean languages 5 8,500,000 North Miraria
Macro-Daleic Ekuosia
Maedim languages 4 Puzimm
Methic languages Soltenna
Mherdic languages 12 250,000,000 Boroso
Ngerupic languages 100 300,000,000 Akulanen, Soltenna, Ekuosia
Ngeyvic languages 4 680,000 West Miraria
Ngutanic languages 1 23,000,000 Boroso
Nuhay-Setyalnian languages 3 Boroso Upper Borosan languages
Õlukalic languages 7 Parshita
Otjesi-Lonish languages 21 58,000,000 Ekuosia
Pagaks languages Parshita
Palawan languages Ekuosia
Paroan languages 4 Parshita
Qonklese languages 5 200,000,000 Soltenna Proto-Soltennan
Quatic languages Northwest Miraria
Rartakan languages 27 Parshita
Rietic languages Soltenna
Saru-Asuran languages Lahan, Asuranesia
Shaelic languages 11+ 74,000,000+ Parshita, Tlukeria
Sitr languages Soltenna Sitr-Yenan languages
Taantic languages 1 30,000,000 Boroso Upper Borosan languages
Theweric languages 3 100,000,000 Boroso
Tiengic languages 1 Parshita
Lhochan languages 3 2,400,000 Yakormonyo
Vaniuan languages 20 502,000,000 Vaniua
Varkanic languages Draconic Sea Islands
Voontic languages 2 11,000 Vaniua Amaian-Voontic languages
Xhovian languages 8 230,000,000 South Baredina
Yaharan languages 3 Boroso
Yennodorian languages 5 Boroso
Yenan languages Soltenna Sitr-Yenan languages
Yisi languages 3 Puzimm
Ystellic languages Ystel Ystelo-Atruozan languages

Language isolates

Language isolates are languages which are not part of any known family and they can be alternatively described as being its sole representative.

Baredina

Boroso

Miraria

Nagu

Unclassified languages

Languages are considered unclassified either because, for one reason or another, little effort has been made to compare them with other languages or more commonly, because they are too poorly documented to permit reliable classification: most such languages are extinct and, most likely, will never be known well enough to classify.

Miraria

Extinct families and unclassified languages

This section lists extinct languages and families which have no known living relatives; while a minority of these is well known but still classified as genetically independent, the lack of attestation makes many of these hard to put into larger groups.

Name Languages Year of death Location Well-attested? Proposed parent family
Chikishon languages 2 5th century CE Central Magali Yes Ngerupic languages (not commonly accepted)
Halarian language 1 5th century BCE Azerin, Barradiwa Yes Ekuo-Lahiri languages

Creoles and mixed languages

Termic creoles

Shohuanese creoles

Sign languages

The family relationships of sign languages are not well established due to a lag in linguistic research, and many are isolates. Some established sign language families include:

Sign language isolates include: