Difference between revisions of "Niplandish language"
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
The Niplandish language has a quite complex syllable structure, there are a variety of consonant clusters. | The Niplandish language has a quite complex syllable structure, there are a variety of consonant clusters. | ||
Stress always falls on the first syllabe of the word. The only exception is when the first syllable is /ə/, in this case the stress falls on the second syllable. | |||
==Morphology and syntax== | ==Morphology and syntax== |
Revision as of 09:13, 29 October 2020
Niplandish language | |
---|---|
North Harish Nipkezi telt | |
Region | Nipland county, State of Hareland, Tzulhon |
Native speakers | 220,000 (no date) |
Language family | Tzulhonic
|
CWS code | xbf |
The Niplandish language is a language spoken in the State of Hareland of Tzulhon. It is one of the two surviving languages of the Central Tzulhon language family.
Despite facing pressures from Harish speaking communities, the use of the Niplandish language is still robust, as children in the Niplandish communities still speak the Niplandish language at home. Approximately 20% of Niplandish speakers in Tzulhon speak Harish "not well" or "not at all", according to results of the 2000 Census, and among the younger Niplandish speakers, approximately 15% were reported as speaking Harish "not well" or "not at all".
Classification
The Niplandish language belongs to the Central Tzulhon branch of Tzulhonic language family. The only other surviving member of Central Tzulhon languages is the Harish language, and the Harish language has become the standard language of Tzulhon.
History
The earliest extant text in Niplandish is from the early 6th century. The Niplandish language spoken in the period from the earliest record up to around 1100s is referred to as Old Niplandish. The Niplandish language spoken in the period from around 1100s up to the 16th century is referred to as Middle Niplandish. Following a period of unification, the Niplandish language from the 17th century to today is calledModern Niplandish.
The form of Old Niplandish used in the 7th-9th century during the peak of the Kingdom of Nipland was called the Classical Niplandish. The Kingdom of Nipland met its decline in the late 8th century and was eventually annexed by the Republic of Tzulkeyo in the 9th century. The annexation of Nipland by the Republic of Tzulkeyo marked the end of the golden era of Niplandish literature. After the annexation of Nipland by the Republic of Tzulkeyo, Niplandish lost its prestige, and its status was replaced by Old Harish.
Phonology
Phonemes
Bilabial | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
Plosive | p b | t d | k (g) | |||
Fricative | v | s z | (ç) | (χ) | h ɦ | |
Approximant | r l | j |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i y | u | |
Mid | ɛ œ | ə | ɔ |
Open | a |
Notes:
- [ç] and [χ] are allophones of /h/. /h/ is pronounced as [χ] after back vowels and not followed by any vowels; [ç] after front vowels and not followed by any vowels; [h] when followed by a vowel.
- /ə/ is a reduced vowel and only appears in unstressed syllables.
- /ɦ/ was [g] before the 20th century, and some older speakers still use [g]
Phonotactics
The Niplandish language has a quite complex syllable structure, there are a variety of consonant clusters.
Stress always falls on the first syllabe of the word. The only exception is when the first syllable is /ə/, in this case the stress falls on the second syllable.
Morphology and syntax
Overview
Niplandish is a synthetic language with an ergative alignment; however, the verbal person agreements follow a nominative-accusative alignment, which qualifies Niplandish as a spli-ergative language.
Due to the case-marking system, Niplandish has a relatively free sentential word order, all six sentential word orders are possible; however, the unmarked word order of Niplandish is SOV.
Morphology
Nouns
Niplandish nouns are divided into 12 cases and two numbers.
Cases
Niplandish has 12 nominal cases, they are divided into two groups: the absolutive case and the oblique cases. All cases that are not the absolutive case are oblique cases. Below are the nominal cases in Niplandish:
- Absolutive: -Ø
- Oblique Cases:
- Ergative: -(ë)k
- Genitive: -(ë)h/-i
- Dative: -(ë)s
- Instrumental: -(ë)k
- Comitative: -(ë)m
- Ablative: -(ë)l
- Locative: -(ë)n
- Allative: -(ë)z
- Elative: -(ë)lm
- Inessive: -(ë)mm
- Illative: -(ë)t
Numbers
Niplandish nouns have two numbers: singular and plural. For most nouns, the plural form end in -(ë)r for absolutive case, -(ë)s for oblique cases, and the stem vowel is often umlauted; for few nouns, the plural is formed soley by the umlaut on the stem vowel.
Examples
Below are the examples of the declension of nouns:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Absolutive | remm | remmër |
Ergative | remmëk | remmësk |
Genitive | remmi | remmsi |
Dative | remmës | remmës |
Instrumental | remmëk | remmësk |
Comitative | remmëm | remmsëm |
Ablative | remmël | remmsël |
Locative | remmën | remmsën |
Allative | remmëz | remmsëz |
Elative | remmëlm | remmsëlm |
Inessive | remmëmm | remmsëmm |
Illative | remmët | remmëst |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Absolutive | kap | kepër/kep |
Ergative | kapëk | kepësk |
Genitive | kapi | kepsi |
Dative | kaps | keps |
Instrumental | kapëk | kepësk |
Comitative | kapëm | kepsëm |
Ablative | kapël | kepsël |
Locative | kapën | kepsën |
Allative | kapëz | kepsëz |
Elative | kapëlm | kepsëlm |
Inessive | kapëmm | kepsëmm |
Illative | kapët | kepëst |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Absolutive | dayp | deyp/deypër |
Ergative | daypëk | deypësk |
Genitive | daypi | deypsi |
Dative | dayps | deyps |
Instrumental | daypëk | deypësk |
Comitative | daypëm | deypsëm |
Ablative | daypël | deypsël |
Locative | daypën | deypsën |
Allative | daypëz | deypsëz |
Elative | daypëlm | deypsëlm |
Inessive | daypëmm | deypsëmm |
Illative | daypët | deypëst |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Absolutive | ro | rör/rö |
Ergative | rok | rösk |
Genitive | roh | rösi |
Dative | ros | rös |
Instrumental | rok | rösk |
Comitative | rom | rösëm |
Ablative | rol | rösël |
Locative | ron | rösën |
Allative | roz | rösëz |
Elative | rolm | rösëlm |
Inessive | romm | rösëmm |
Illative | rot | röst |
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with nouns in case and number. The formation of cases and numbers for adjectives are the same as those for nouns.
Verbs
Verbs conjugate according to person and Tense-Aspect-Mood (TAM). There are two types of verbs, differentiated by the way they form different tenses.
Personal agreements
Unlike nouns, personal agreements on verbs follow a nominative-accusative alignment. Below are the personal agreements for Niplandish:
Below are the subject agreements:
- 1st sg: -(ë)r
- 2nd sg: -(ë)m
- 3rd sg: -(ë)n
- 1st pl: -(ë)zi
- 2nd pl: -(ë)mi
- 3rd pl: -(ë)h
Below are the object agreements:
- 1st sg: -(ë)n
- 2nd sg: -(ë)m
- 3rd sg: -(ë)ng
- 1st pl: -(ë)s
- 2nd pl: -(ë)nt
- 3rd pl: -(ë)h
- reflexive: -(ë)s
Tense-Aspect-Mood
While in general Niplandish is more complicated than Harish morphologically, its TAM system is simplified. There are only two tenses in Niplandish: Past and Present(or Non-past). The imperative form is always the same as the present tense. Only few verbs show traces of the subjunctive mood, and like English a peripheral structure is used for subjunctive mood in Niplandish.
Below are the tenses for regular verbs:
- infinitive: -Ø
- present: -Ø
- past: -(ë)t/-le
- imperative: -Ø
- gerund/verbal noun: -t
Below are the tenses for irregular verbs:
- infinitive: -Ø
- present: (stem vowel change)
- past: -Ø/-(ë)t
- imperative: (stem vowel change)
- gerund/verbal noun: -t + (stem vowel change)
There's a tendency to replace the infinitive form with the gerund form.
Derivational morphology
Conversion
Conversion, or zero-derivation, is a productive way to create new words in Niplandish. Umlaut does not apply on nouns and adjectives created by conversion; also, all verbs created by conversion are regular verbs.
Umlaut
New words can be derived by the umlaut of the stem vowel without the use of affixes.
Verbs derived from nouns via the umlaut of the stem vowel are often transitive and carry the meaning of "to make N on ...", "to create N on ...", "to do sth. related to N on ...", etc.
Nouns derived from verbs via the umlaut often have the meaning "place of doing V", "some abstract property or intangible object related to V", etc.
Adjectives derived from nouns via the umlaut of the stem vowel often have the meaning "of or pertaining to N", "being located at N", etc.
Derivational affixes
Compounds
Syntax
Word Order
The word order features are listed below:
- Basic Word Order: Subject-Object-Verb(SOV)
- Adpositions are postpositions
- Conjuctions are in the final position of the clause
- Adjectives, Relative Clauses, Demonstratives, articles, numerals, possessors precede the noun they modify.
Negations
Possessions within a Noun Phrase
Possessive Construction in a Sentence
Subordinating Clauses
Verb framing
Resultative
Vocabulary
Most words of the Harish language are inherited from Old Harish; however, there are a significant amount of words that can have their origins be traced back to Ngerupic languages, especially Mani and Kwang languages. Ngerupic loanwords have form a large amount of the vocabulary. Most of the Ngerupic words are borrowed before the modern era.
Also while the Harish language and the Niplandish language are both central Tzulhon languages, and they share most of the basic vocabulary, they are not mutually intelligible.
Some words in Niplandish
Personal Pronouns:
- 1st person singular(I/me): no
- 2nd person singular(you(sg)): mo
- 3rd person singular(he/she/it): ya
- 1st person plural(we/us):
- 2nd person plural(you(pl)):
- 3rd person plural(they/them):
- reflexive(self): go
- other: yarrër
Interrogative pronouns:
- who: mev
- what: mat
- which:
- where:
- when:
- how:
- why:
- how much/how many:
Indefinite pronouns:
- anyone/anybody: yarremm
- anything: yarrharv
- any: yarr
- someone/somebody: koremm
- something: koharv
- everyone/everybody: yatremm
- everything: yatharv
- every: yat
Demonstratives:
- this: kot
- that: hat
- these: köt
- those: het
- here: tar
- there: har
Numerals:
- one: ot
- two: yang
- three: ham
- four: klez
- five: bar
- six: itër
- seven: ramër
- eight: dam
- nine: mit
- ten: dak
- eleven: otav (Older otnav)
- twelve: yangav (Older yangnav)
- thirteen: hamav (Older hamnav)
- forteen: klezav (Older kleznav)
- fifteen: barav (Older barnav)
- sixteen: itrav (Older itërnav)
- seventeen: ramrav (Older ramërnav)
- eighteen: damav (Older damnav)
- nineteen: mitav (Older mitnav)
- twenty: kelt
- thirty: hamstër
- forty: klezëstër
- fifty: barstër
- sixty: itërstër
- seventy: ramërstër
- eighty: damstër
- ninety: mitstër
- hundred: yaytër
Ordinal numbers are formed by adding -(ë)h to the cardinal forms, and ordinal numbers act like adjectives; however, "first" is irregular, the word for "first" is nark.
Writing and literature
The Niplandish language is written in the Niplandish Abugida, the Niplandish Abugida is considered to be the predecessor of the Onzo Abugida, the Onzo Abugida is the main writing system of Harish.
The Niplandish Abugida itself is an descendant of the Mañi Abugida.