Difference between revisions of "Qgam Dzwo"

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When auxiliaries of two separate types cooccur, tense/modal auxiliaries come before voice auxiliaries:
When auxiliaries of two separate types cooccur, tense/modal auxiliaries come before voice auxiliaries:


{{cs|QGA|那的木要被切落}}<br>
{{cs|QGA|那木要被切落}}<br>
'''Qhwam mduo ma jer šraa kar la.'''<br>
'''Qhwam mduo ma jer šraa kar la.'''<br>
here tree NEG must PASS cut fall<br>
''That tree must not be cut down.''
''That tree must not be cut down.''




As auxiliaries of a single class cannot cooccur, instead, the dummy verb {{cs|QGA|而}} '''ay''' is used to link clauses, e.g.:
As auxiliaries of a single class cannot cooccur, instead, the connecting particle {{cs|QGA|而}} '''ay''' is used to link clauses, e.g.:


{{cs|QGA|伊被而允了去}}<br>
{{cs|QGA|伊被而允了去}}<br>
'''Ĝwa šraa ay bluo wea arna.'''<br>
'''Ĝwa šraa ay bluo wea arna.'''<br>
3.SG PASS and CAUS PST leave
''He was forced to leave.''
''He was forced to leave.''



Revision as of 01:19, 29 August 2017

Qgam Dzwo
Qgam Dzwo
Pronunciation[(ə)ʔgʌm d͡zwɔə]
EthnicityQgam
Native speakers5,201,000  (2017)
Language family
  • Qgam Dzwo
DialectsNorthern Qgam, Eastern Qgam, Southern Qgam
Writing systemQonklese logograms, Qgam script
Official status
Official language inQgam
CWS codeQGA

Qgam Dzwo (鄭語 [(ə)ʔgʌm d͡zwɔə]) is a Darkinic language spoken primarily in the Democratic Republic of Qgam, where it is recognized as the only official language.

Background

As a Darkinic language, Qgam is most closely related to the Hux Kham language. They began to diverge somewhere around 100 BCE, though frequent contact between Qgam and Hux Kham people during this period led to a great amount of loaning. At the onset of the common era, contact between the two peoples decreased, and Qgam began to diverge further. During this time as the Kingdom of Qgam conquered various Nuar settlements, a considerable number of Nuar loanwords began to enter Qgam, and even some grammatical patterns began to shift. Notably, a definite article developed, as well as some aspectual prefixes on verbs, a feature not present in any other Darkinic language.

During the second millennium CE, a large influx of Qonklese loanwords began to alter the Qgam lexicon. It is estimated that approximately 20% of the Qgam lexicon is of Qonklese origin.


Phonology

The following inventory outlines the pronunciation of Standard Qgam, which is that spoken in Hwam Deaĝ Ruom.

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Fricative s ɕ ç x
Affricate d͡z t͡ɕ d͡ʑ k͡x
Approximant w ɻ j
Trill
Flap or tap
Lateral fric.
Lateral app. l ʎ
Lateral flap

Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i (iː) (ɨː)
(ɨə̯) (ɨə̯j) (ɨːə̯)
(uː)
(uːə̯)
Near-close (ʊə̯) (ʊə̯j)
Close-mid (eː)
(eːj) eə̯ eə̯w
(oː)
Mid (ə) (əː)
(əj) (əw)
Open-mid ɛ (ɜ)
(ɜj)
ʌ ɔ
ʌj ʌw ɔj wɔə̯ wɔə̯j
Near-open (æː)
(æːj) (æːw)
Open ɑː
ɑːj ɑːw

Phonotactics

Orthography

Grammar

Morphology

Nouns Adjectives

Verbs

Verbs in Qgam Dzwo may be broken down into auxiliary verbs and main verbs. Auxiliary verbs appear directly after the subject and conjugate for the number of the subject only, whereas main verbs mark certain aspects only.

Auxiliary Verbs

As described above, auxiliary verbs appear directly after the subject of the clause. There are three types of auxiliaries: tense/aspect, modal, and voice. The voice auxiliaries may occur with tense/aspect and modal auxiliaries, but only one tense/aspect or modal auxiliary may occur in a single clause. There is a certain amount of dialectal variation between auxiliary usage. Following is a full list:

Tense / Aspect Auxiliaries
auxiliary Western Qgam Eastern Qgam Southern Qgam
do
present indicative
𠃐 way
present indicative
ey
emphatic indicative
iy
emphatic indicative
yaa, yaw
present indicative
qaam
progressive
aam
progressive
wea
perfective; past
šruo
future
šro
future
boy, bwoy
future
𢪽 yam
desiderative/imminent
Modal Auxiliaries
auxiliary Western Qgam Eastern Qgam Southern Qgam
meaĝ
potential; abilitative
mdzaa
desiderative
cam
adhortative ("should")
cam
adhortative ("should")
(formal)
cam
necessitative ("must")
çua
adhortative ("should")
(informal)
çua
adhortative ("should")
blsa
potential (may; might)
(formal)
bsa
potential (may; might)
blsa, bldza
potential (may; might)
bsa
potential (may; might)
(informal)
jer
necessitative ("must")
Voice Auxiliaries
auxiliary Western Qgam Eastern Qgam Southern Qgam
šraa
passive
bluo
causative

When auxiliaries of two separate types cooccur, tense/modal auxiliaries come before voice auxiliaries:

那木要被切落
Qhwam mduo ma jer šraa kar la.
here tree NEG must PASS cut fall
That tree must not be cut down.


As auxiliaries of a single class cannot cooccur, instead, the connecting particle ay is used to link clauses, e.g.:

伊被而允了去
Ĝwa šraa ay bluo wea arna.
3.SG PASS and CAUS PST leave He was forced to leave.

Main Verbs

Adverbs Particles Derivational morphology

Syntax