Difference between revisions of "Qgam Dzwo"
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When auxiliaries of two separate types cooccur, tense/modal auxiliaries come before voice auxiliaries: | When auxiliaries of two separate types cooccur, tense/modal auxiliaries come before voice auxiliaries: | ||
{{cs|QGA| | {{cs|QGA|那木要被切落}}<br> | ||
'''Qhwam mduo ma jer šraa kar la.'''<br> | '''Qhwam mduo ma jer šraa kar la.'''<br> | ||
here tree NEG must PASS cut fall<br> | |||
''That tree must not be cut down.'' | ''That tree must not be cut down.'' | ||
As auxiliaries of a single class cannot cooccur, instead, the | As auxiliaries of a single class cannot cooccur, instead, the connecting particle {{cs|QGA|而}} '''ay''' is used to link clauses, e.g.: | ||
{{cs|QGA|伊被而允了去}}<br> | {{cs|QGA|伊被而允了去}}<br> | ||
'''Ĝwa šraa ay bluo wea arna.'''<br> | '''Ĝwa šraa ay bluo wea arna.'''<br> | ||
3.SG PASS and CAUS PST leave | |||
''He was forced to leave.'' | ''He was forced to leave.'' | ||
Revision as of 01:19, 29 August 2017
Qgam Dzwo | |
---|---|
Qgam Dzwo | |
Pronunciation | [(ə)ʔgʌm d͡zwɔə] |
Ethnicity | Qgam |
Native speakers | 5,201,000 (2017) |
Language family |
|
Dialects | Northern Qgam, Eastern Qgam, Southern Qgam |
Writing system | Qonklese logograms, Qgam script |
Official status | |
Official language in | Qgam |
CWS code | QGA |
Qgam Dzwo (鄭語 [(ə)ʔgʌm d͡zwɔə]) is a Darkinic language spoken primarily in the Democratic Republic of Qgam, where it is recognized as the only official language.
Background
As a Darkinic language, Qgam is most closely related to the Hux Kham language. They began to diverge somewhere around 100 BCE, though frequent contact between Qgam and Hux Kham people during this period led to a great amount of loaning. At the onset of the common era, contact between the two peoples decreased, and Qgam began to diverge further. During this time as the Kingdom of Qgam conquered various Nuar settlements, a considerable number of Nuar loanwords began to enter Qgam, and even some grammatical patterns began to shift. Notably, a definite article developed, as well as some aspectual prefixes on verbs, a feature not present in any other Darkinic language.
During the second millennium CE, a large influx of Qonklese loanwords began to alter the Qgam lexicon. It is estimated that approximately 20% of the Qgam lexicon is of Qonklese origin.
Phonology
The following inventory outlines the pronunciation of Standard Qgam, which is that spoken in Hwam Deaĝ Ruom.
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | ||||||||
Fricative | s | ɕ | ç | x | ||||||||
Affricate | d͡z | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ | k͡x | |||||||||
Approximant | w | ɻ | j | |||||||||
Trill | ||||||||||||
Flap or tap | ||||||||||||
Lateral fric. | ||||||||||||
Lateral app. | l | ʎ | ||||||||||
Lateral flap |
Vowels
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i (iː) | (ɨː) (ɨə̯) (ɨə̯j) (ɨːə̯) |
(uː) (uːə̯) | ||
Near-close | (ʊə̯) (ʊə̯j) | ||||
Close-mid | (eː) (eːj) eə̯ eə̯w |
(oː) | |||
Mid | (ə) (əː) (əj) (əw) |
||||
Open-mid | ɛ | (ɜ) (ɜj) |
ʌ ɔ ʌj ʌw ɔj wɔə̯ wɔə̯j | ||
Near-open | (æː) (æːj) (æːw) |
||||
Open | ɑː ɑːj ɑːw |
Phonotactics
Orthography
Grammar
Morphology
Nouns Adjectives
Verbs
Verbs in Qgam Dzwo may be broken down into auxiliary verbs and main verbs. Auxiliary verbs appear directly after the subject and conjugate for the number of the subject only, whereas main verbs mark certain aspects only.
Auxiliary Verbs
As described above, auxiliary verbs appear directly after the subject of the clause. There are three types of auxiliaries: tense/aspect, modal, and voice. The voice auxiliaries may occur with tense/aspect and modal auxiliaries, but only one tense/aspect or modal auxiliary may occur in a single clause. There is a certain amount of dialectal variation between auxiliary usage. Following is a full list:
Tense / Aspect Auxiliaries | |||
---|---|---|---|
auxiliary | Western Qgam | Eastern Qgam | Southern Qgam |
得 | do present indicative |
— | — |
𠃐 | — | way present indicative |
— |
已 | ey emphatic indicative |
iy emphatic indicative |
yaa, yaw present indicative |
途 | qaam progressive |
aam progressive | |
了 | wea perfective; past | ||
將 | šruo future |
šro future |
— |
該 | — | — | boy, bwoy future |
𢪽 | yam desiderative/imminent | ||
Modal Auxiliaries | |||
auxiliary | Western Qgam | Eastern Qgam | Southern Qgam |
可 | meaĝ potential; abilitative | ||
欲 | mdzaa desiderative | ||
令 | cam adhortative ("should") |
cam adhortative ("should") (formal) |
cam necessitative ("must") |
領 | — | çua adhortative ("should") (informal) |
çua adhortative ("should") |
應 | blsa potential (may; might) (formal) |
bsa potential (may; might) |
blsa, bldza potential (may; might) |
bsa potential (may; might) (informal) | |||
要 | jer necessitative ("must") |
— | |
Voice Auxiliaries | |||
auxiliary | Western Qgam | Eastern Qgam | Southern Qgam |
被 | šraa passive | ||
允 | bluo causative |
When auxiliaries of two separate types cooccur, tense/modal auxiliaries come before voice auxiliaries:
那木要被切落
Qhwam mduo ma jer šraa kar la.
here tree NEG must PASS cut fall
That tree must not be cut down.
As auxiliaries of a single class cannot cooccur, instead, the connecting particle 而 ay is used to link clauses, e.g.:
伊被而允了去
Ĝwa šraa ay bluo wea arna.
3.SG PASS and CAUS PST leave
He was forced to leave.
Main Verbs
Adverbs Particles Derivational morphology