Difference between revisions of "Rasha language"

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|name          = Rasha
|name          = Rasha
|altname      = Raşahon
|altname      = Raşahon
|nativename    = {{cs|RAX|Raşahon}}  
|nativename    = {{cs|RAX|Racahon}}  
|pronunciation = /rɑˈʂɑ̃õ/
|pronunciation = /rəˈʂɑ̃õ/
|states (state) = [[Gushlia]]
|states (state) = [[Gushlia]]
|region        = [[Vaniua]]
|region        = [[Vaniua]]
Line 11: Line 11:
|speakers      =  
|speakers      =  
|date          = 2016
|date          = 2016
|familycolor  = vaniuan
|familycolor  = ryamaian
|fam1          = [[Vaniuan languages|Vaniuan]]
|fam1 = [[Ryamaian languages|Ryamaian]]
|fam2         = [[Eastern Vaniuan languages|Eastern Vaniuan]]
|fam2         = [[Vaniuan languages|Vaniuan]]
|fam3         = [[Kashisan languages|Kashisan]]
|fam3         = [[Eastern Vaniuan languages|Eastern Vaniuan]]
|ancestor = Proto-Vaniuan
|fam4         = [[Kashisan languages|Kashisan]]
|ancestor2 = Proto-Eastern-Vaniuan
|ancestor = Proto-Kashisan
|ancestor3 = Proto-Kashisan
|ancestor2 = Old Jazaghan
|ancestor4 = Old Jazaghan
|ancestor3 = Middle Rasha
|ancestor5 = Middle Rasha
|posteriori    =  
|posteriori    =  
|dia1          =  
|dia1          =  
|dialects      =  
|dialects      =  
|script        = Vaniuan script
|script        = Vaniuan script
|nation        = [[Gushlia]]
|nation        = {{flag|Gushlia}}<ul><li>{{flag|Rashtun}}</li></ul>
|agency        =  
|agency        =  
|iso3          = RAX
|iso3          = RAX
Line 39: Line 38:
{{Vaniuans}}
{{Vaniuans}}


'''Rasha''' ({{cs|RAX|Raşahon}}; ''Raşahon'', /rɑˈʂɑ̃õ/) is a [[Kashisan languages|Kashisan]] language within the [[Eastern Vaniuan]] branch of the [[Vaniuan]] language family. It is closely related to the pluricentric [[Jazaghan language|Jazaghan]] language. Rasha is written in the [[Rasha alphabet]], a modified variant of the [[Vaniuan alphabet]].
'''Rasha''' ({{cs|RAX|Racahon}}; ''Raşahon'', /rəˈʂɑ̃õ/) is a [[Kashisan languages|Kashisan]] language within the [[Eastern Vaniuan]] branch of the [[Vaniuan]] language family. It is closely related to the pluricentric [[Jazaghan language|Jazaghan]] language. Rasha is written in the [[Rasha alphabet]], a modified variant of the [[Vaniuan alphabet]].
 
The Rasha language is a descendant of [[Old Kothlenic]] dialects spoken by the Huklen tribe, along with other closely related tribes, who migrated westwards into the territory now comprising Gushlia following the expansion of the [[Kothlen Horde]]. Along with influence from the [[Khamaian language]] on Proto-Kashisan, Rasha has seen considerable substratal influence from the [[Vucheshian language]], most notably in its vocabulary.


==Geographic Distribution==
==Geographic Distribution==
Line 45: Line 46:
==Name==
==Name==


Standard Rasha is known natively as ''Raşahon'',  pronounced /rɑˈʂɑ̃õ/.
Standard Rasha is known natively as ''Raşahon'',  pronounced /rɑˈʂɑ̃õ/. The name is derived from that of the [[Rasha people]], the primary ethnic group who speaks the language.


==Classification==
==Classification==


Rasha is a [[Kashisan languages|Kashisan language]] descended from the [[Eastern Vaniuan languages|Eastern Vaniuan]] branch of the [[Vaniuan languages]]. The Kashisan languages can further be subdivided into [[Kaatian language|Kaatian]] and the [[Hershemic languages|Hershemic]] languages, the latter of which includes Rasha.
Rasha is a [[Kashisan languages|Kashisan language]] descended from the [[Eastern Vaniuan languages|Eastern Vaniuan]] branch of the [[Vaniuan languages]]. The Kashisan languages can further be subdivided into [[Kaatian language|Kaatian]] and the [[Kothlenic languages|Kothlenic]] languages, the latter of which includes Rasha.


[[File:Kashisan lang map.png|thumbnail|upright=1.15|The Kashisan languages in eastern Vaniua]]
[[File:Kashisan lang map.png|thumbnail|upright=1.15|The Kashisan languages in eastern Vaniua]]
Line 147: Line 148:
* /f/ is only used in loanwords.
* /f/ is only used in loanwords.
* The phonemes /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are realized as fricatives (namely [β, ð, ɣ]) in all places except after a pause, after a nasal vowel, or after a lateral consonant; in such contexts they are realized as voiced stops.
* The phonemes /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are realized as fricatives (namely [β, ð, ɣ]) in all places except after a pause, after a nasal vowel, or after a lateral consonant; in such contexts they are realized as voiced stops.
* /ʁ/ does not occur word-initially.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 193: Line 195:
|}
|}


Word-final /ɛ/, /e/, and /i/ are only found in loanwords.
The oral vowels /ɛ/, /e/, and /o/ only occur in word-final positions in loanwords, whereas all nasal vowels may be found word-finally.


Notes:
Notes:
* X.
* /ɑ/ and /ɛ/ are reduced to [ə] in unstressed syllables. This reduction does not apply to their nasal counterparts.


Two or more vowels are permitted to occur next to each other in Rasha. However, these vowels must either all be plain or all be nasal; plain vowels cannot occur directly before or after nasal vowels, and vice versa. Thus the addition of certain suffixes may cause a preceding word-final vowel to mutate and assimilate into a nasal in the following manner:
Two or more vowels are permitted to occur next to each other in Rasha, thus appearing in hiatus; in these cases the two vowels are separated by <h> in orthography. When two instances of the same vowel occur in hiatus, they are realised as a lengthened version of that vowel. However, these vowels must either all be plain or all be nasal; plain vowels cannot occur directly before or after nasal vowels, and vice versa. Thus the addition of certain suffixes may cause a preceding word-final vowel to mutate and assimilate into a nasal in the following manner:
*/ɑ/, /ɛ/ > /ɑ̃/
*/ɑ/, /ɛ/ > /ɑ̃/
*/e/, /i/ > /ɛ̃/
*/e/, /i/ > /ɛ̃/
*/o/, /u/ > /õ/
*/o/, /u/ > /õ/


An example using the suffix ''-hon'' /õ/ "language" would be ''Raşa'' /rɑˈʂɑ/ ('Rasha'), which becomes ''Raşahon'' /rɑˈʂɑ̃õ/ ('Rasha language') when the suffix is added; /ɑõ/ would not be a valid combination.
An example of such assimilation using the suffix ''-hon'' /õ/ "language" would be ''Raşa'' /rɑˈʂɑ/ ("Rasha person") becoming ''Raşahon'' /rɑˈʂɑ̃õ/ ("Rasha language") when the suffix is added; /ɑõ/ would not be a valid combination of vowels.
 
In theory, three vowels are permitted to occur in a single sequence in Rasha, and these follow the same nasal assimilation and stress rules as normal pairs of vowels in hiatus, but these sequences are incredibly rare. Perhaps the only somewhat common example of such a sequence in Rasha would be in <b>Tähahon</b> [ˈtɑ̃ːõ] "language of riding" (a former poetic name for the Rasha language), although in this case as a result of nasal assimilation and other hiatus rules the first two vowels are merged into a single long nasal vowel. Most Rasha speakers would pronounce this long vowel as short, however, and if all three nasal vowels are different such that no long vowel is created, the middle vowel is typically omitted. To take an example of a sequence of three consecutive oral vowels occurring in hiatus, a theoretical locative form for this would be <b>Tähahonok</b> [ˈtɛɑonok]. Once again most speakers would omit the middle [ɑ] in this case. There are currently no examples of four vowels occurring in a single sequence in Rasha.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===


The syllable structure of Standard Rasha is (C)V(M)(C), where M represents the medial consonants X.
The syllable structure of Standard Rasha is (C)V(M)(C), where M represents the medial consonants ''r, l, m,'' and ''n.'' X.


X.
X.
===Stress===
Stress patterns in Rasha words are determined based on syllable weight. In Rasha, heavy syllables are those containing a sibilant or nasal coda (i.e. ''s, z, ş, j, l, r, y, m, n;'' nasal codas have assimilated into nasal vowels in modern Rasha), while all other syllables are considered light. If a word contains one or more heavy syllables, the stress of a word falls on the first of these. If there are no heavy syllables in a word, then stress falls on the second syllable, or the first if the word is monosyllabic. This method for determining stress means that stress can easily shift, varying in different conjugations of a word. Below is an example using the verb '''vaya,''' meaning "to wake up." Heavy syllables are underlined.
* '''vaya''' [bɑˈjɑ] - "to wake up"
* '''va<u>yal</u>''' [bɑˈjɑl] - "[S]he wakes up"
* '''vayana<u>mal</u>''' [bɑjɑnɑˈmɑl] - "[S]he woke up"
* '''vaya<u>nam</u>zak''' [bɑjɑˈnɑ̃zɑk] - "They woke up"
* '''vaya<u>namşal</u>''' [bɑjɑˈnɑ̃ʂɑl] - "It woke up"
An exception to this is when hiatus occurs. In a sequence of two adjacent vowels (separated by a <h> in orthography) the second one may not be stressed, and as such any stress that would be carried by the syllable containing the second vowel in the sequence is shifted over to the previous syllable instead. This means that the two syllables are effectively counted as a single syllable for weighting purposes, with the coda of the second syllable determining the overall weighting of the pair. Thus, while '''hu<u>ğon</u>''' [uˈʁõ] "west" has stress on the second syllable as per normal stress rules, '''pa<u>hon</u>''' [ˈpɑ̃õ] "to give" has stress on the first syllable.
Another seeming exception to these rules comes when <şd> clusters are present. Although these clusters have assimilated from [ʂð] to become simply [ʐ], they are still treated as the former for the purpose of determining syllable weight and stress (i.e. the first syllable that helps to form that cluster has a sibilant coda and is thus considered heavy).
Certain foreign loanwords are also exempt from these stress rules. For instance, <b>Açiyitqana</b> ([[Achiyitqana]]) would normally be pronounced with stress on the second syllable according to these rules (i.e. <b>A<u>çi</u>yitqana</b>), but it is instead pronounced as <b>Açiyit<u>qa</u>na</b>, with stress on the penultimate syllable. This reflects the native [[Achiyitqan language|Achiyitqan]] pronunciation of the name, which features a high tone in said syllable. Unlike in the case of most native words, which exhibit variable stress depending on any affixes that are attached to the word, foreign words with irregular stress patterns have fixed stress. Thus, while the dative case form of <b>Açiyitqana</b>, <b>Açiyitqanam</b>, would be pronounced as <b>Açiyitqa<u>nam</u></b> with stress on the final (heavy) syllable according to normal stress rules, it instead maintains the stress of the base word, therefore being pronounced as <b>Açiyit<u>qa</u>nam</b>.


===Orthography===
===Orthography===
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==Examples==
==Examples==


[[Category:Gushlia]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Miraria]]
[[Category:Languages of Gushlia]]
[[Category:Vaniua]]
[[Category:Vaniuan languages]]

Latest revision as of 22:58, 24 April 2023

Rasha
Raşahon
Racahon
Pronunciation/rəˈʂɑ̃õ/
RegionVaniua
EthnicityRasha
Language family
Early forms:
Proto-Kashisan
  • Old Jazaghan
    • Middle Rasha
      • Rasha
Writing systemVaniuan script
Official status
Official language in Gushlia
CWS codeRAX

Rasha (Racahon; Raşahon, /rəˈʂɑ̃õ/) is a Kashisan language within the Eastern Vaniuan branch of the Vaniuan language family. It is closely related to the pluricentric Jazaghan language. Rasha is written in the Rasha alphabet, a modified variant of the Vaniuan alphabet.

The Rasha language is a descendant of Old Kothlenic dialects spoken by the Huklen tribe, along with other closely related tribes, who migrated westwards into the territory now comprising Gushlia following the expansion of the Kothlen Horde. Along with influence from the Khamaian language on Proto-Kashisan, Rasha has seen considerable substratal influence from the Vucheshian language, most notably in its vocabulary.

Geographic Distribution

Name

Standard Rasha is known natively as Raşahon, pronounced /rɑˈʂɑ̃õ/. The name is derived from that of the Rasha people, the primary ethnic group who speaks the language.

Classification

Rasha is a Kashisan language descended from the Eastern Vaniuan branch of the Vaniuan languages. The Kashisan languages can further be subdivided into Kaatian and the Kothlenic languages, the latter of which includes Rasha.

The Kashisan languages in eastern Vaniua

Dialects

History

Official status

Phonology

Consonants

Rasha consonant phonemes
  Nasal Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Dorsal
Nasal m n
Plosive Voiceless p t k
Voiced b d g
Fricatives Voiceless (f) s ʂ
Voiced z ʐ ʁ
Trill r
Approximant l j

Notes:

  • /f/ is only used in loanwords.
  • The phonemes /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are realized as fricatives (namely [β, ð, ɣ]) in all places except after a pause, after a nasal vowel, or after a lateral consonant; in such contexts they are realized as voiced stops.
  • /ʁ/ does not occur word-initially.

Vowels

Standard Rasha contrasts up to 6 oral vowels and 3 nasal vowels.

Oral vowels
Front Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open ɛ ɑ
 
Nasal vowels
Front Back
Mid ɛ̃ õ
Open ɑ̃

The oral vowels /ɛ/, /e/, and /o/ only occur in word-final positions in loanwords, whereas all nasal vowels may be found word-finally.

Notes:

  • /ɑ/ and /ɛ/ are reduced to [ə] in unstressed syllables. This reduction does not apply to their nasal counterparts.

Two or more vowels are permitted to occur next to each other in Rasha, thus appearing in hiatus; in these cases the two vowels are separated by <h> in orthography. When two instances of the same vowel occur in hiatus, they are realised as a lengthened version of that vowel. However, these vowels must either all be plain or all be nasal; plain vowels cannot occur directly before or after nasal vowels, and vice versa. Thus the addition of certain suffixes may cause a preceding word-final vowel to mutate and assimilate into a nasal in the following manner:

  • /ɑ/, /ɛ/ > /ɑ̃/
  • /e/, /i/ > /ɛ̃/
  • /o/, /u/ > /õ/

An example of such assimilation using the suffix -hon /õ/ "language" would be Raşa /rɑˈʂɑ/ ("Rasha person") becoming Raşahon /rɑˈʂɑ̃õ/ ("Rasha language") when the suffix is added; /ɑõ/ would not be a valid combination of vowels.

In theory, three vowels are permitted to occur in a single sequence in Rasha, and these follow the same nasal assimilation and stress rules as normal pairs of vowels in hiatus, but these sequences are incredibly rare. Perhaps the only somewhat common example of such a sequence in Rasha would be in Tähahon [ˈtɑ̃ːõ] "language of riding" (a former poetic name for the Rasha language), although in this case as a result of nasal assimilation and other hiatus rules the first two vowels are merged into a single long nasal vowel. Most Rasha speakers would pronounce this long vowel as short, however, and if all three nasal vowels are different such that no long vowel is created, the middle vowel is typically omitted. To take an example of a sequence of three consecutive oral vowels occurring in hiatus, a theoretical locative form for this would be Tähahonok [ˈtɛɑonok]. Once again most speakers would omit the middle [ɑ] in this case. There are currently no examples of four vowels occurring in a single sequence in Rasha.

Phonotactics

The syllable structure of Standard Rasha is (C)V(M)(C), where M represents the medial consonants r, l, m, and n. X.

X.

Stress

Stress patterns in Rasha words are determined based on syllable weight. In Rasha, heavy syllables are those containing a sibilant or nasal coda (i.e. s, z, ş, j, l, r, y, m, n; nasal codas have assimilated into nasal vowels in modern Rasha), while all other syllables are considered light. If a word contains one or more heavy syllables, the stress of a word falls on the first of these. If there are no heavy syllables in a word, then stress falls on the second syllable, or the first if the word is monosyllabic. This method for determining stress means that stress can easily shift, varying in different conjugations of a word. Below is an example using the verb vaya, meaning "to wake up." Heavy syllables are underlined.

  • vaya [bɑˈjɑ] - "to wake up"
  • vayal [bɑˈjɑl] - "[S]he wakes up"
  • vayanamal [bɑjɑnɑˈmɑl] - "[S]he woke up"
  • vayanamzak [bɑjɑˈnɑ̃zɑk] - "They woke up"
  • vayanamşal [bɑjɑˈnɑ̃ʂɑl] - "It woke up"

An exception to this is when hiatus occurs. In a sequence of two adjacent vowels (separated by a <h> in orthography) the second one may not be stressed, and as such any stress that would be carried by the syllable containing the second vowel in the sequence is shifted over to the previous syllable instead. This means that the two syllables are effectively counted as a single syllable for weighting purposes, with the coda of the second syllable determining the overall weighting of the pair. Thus, while huğon [uˈʁõ] "west" has stress on the second syllable as per normal stress rules, pahon [ˈpɑ̃õ] "to give" has stress on the first syllable.

Another seeming exception to these rules comes when <şd> clusters are present. Although these clusters have assimilated from [ʂð] to become simply [ʐ], they are still treated as the former for the purpose of determining syllable weight and stress (i.e. the first syllable that helps to form that cluster has a sibilant coda and is thus considered heavy).

Certain foreign loanwords are also exempt from these stress rules. For instance, Açiyitqana (Achiyitqana) would normally be pronounced with stress on the second syllable according to these rules (i.e. Açiyitqana), but it is instead pronounced as Açiyitqana, with stress on the penultimate syllable. This reflects the native Achiyitqan pronunciation of the name, which features a high tone in said syllable. Unlike in the case of most native words, which exhibit variable stress depending on any affixes that are attached to the word, foreign words with irregular stress patterns have fixed stress. Thus, while the dative case form of Açiyitqana, Açiyitqanam, would be pronounced as Açiyitqanam with stress on the final (heavy) syllable according to normal stress rules, it instead maintains the stress of the base word, therefore being pronounced as Açiyitqanam.

Orthography

Grammar

Morphology

Rasha is a moderately agglutinative language, though it does preserve fusional affixes for nouns and verbs. Nouns are divided into two animacy classes - animate and inanimate - and are inflected slightly differently depending on the class they are on; inanimate nouns don't inflect for plural number, while animate nouns do.

In Rasha nouns are split into two genders - animate and inanimate - X.

Syntax

Literature

Writing System

Vocabulary

Examples