Difference between revisions of "Sgen language"
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The '''Sgen language''' is a language isolate, that is, it has no known relatives, both living ones and historical ones, and records of the historical stages of the Sgen language is poor. | |||
The '''Sgen language''' | |||
Despite being a minority language, the Sgen language is not moribund or endangered, it is still spoken by most Sgen people of all age groups and is used in all occasions of daily life, and it is estimated that about 30% of children of the Sgen ethnicity are monolingual in the Sgen language. | Despite being a minority language, the Sgen language is not moribund or endangered, it is still spoken by most Sgen people of all age groups and is used in all occasions of daily life, and it is estimated that about 30% of children of the Sgen ethnicity are monolingual in the Sgen language. |
Revision as of 14:07, 13 May 2020
The Sgen language is a language isolate, that is, it has no known relatives, both living ones and historical ones, and records of the historical stages of the Sgen language is poor.
Despite being a minority language, the Sgen language is not moribund or endangered, it is still spoken by most Sgen people of all age groups and is used in all occasions of daily life, and it is estimated that about 30% of children of the Sgen ethnicity are monolingual in the Sgen language.
Phonology
bilabial | dental | velar | |
---|---|---|---|
voiceless | p~ɸ | t~t͡s~s | k~x |
voiced | β~b~m | ɾ~d~l~n | ɣ~ɡ~ŋ~ɰ |
front | back | |
---|---|---|
closed | ɪ | o |
open | ɛ | ɑ |
Phonotactics
- Syllable structure:(C)V
- Stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable, but the distinction between stressed syllables and non-stressed syllables are vague.
- /t/ consistently becomes [s] before /i/ in most variants, and becomes [t͡s] before /i/ in some variants.
- /β/, /ɾ/, /ɣ/ become [b], [d], [ɡ] word-initially respectively.
- [l] and [ɰ] are in free variations with /ɾ/ and /ɣ/ respectively.
- [m], [n], [ŋ] are allophones of /β/, /ɾ/, /ɣ/ respectively, and are in free variations with /β/, /ɾ/, /ɣ/ respectively; however, nasal consonants are almost never used between native speakers and are only used for humor effects or in some recent loanwords.
Transcription
- A - /ɑ/
- E - /ɛ/
- G - /ɣ/
- I - /ɪ/
- K - /k/
- V - /β/
- O - /o/
- P - /p/
- R - /ɾ/
- T - /t/
Note: "aa", "ee", "ii", and "oo" are not long vowels of "a", "e", "i", and "o", "aa", "ee", "ii", and "oo" should be pronounced separately e.g. "ee" is frequently pronounced as /ɛ ɛ/, not /ɛː/ or /eː/
Vowel Harmony
If vowels of the stem of a word are front vowels, the vowels of affixes change into front vowels; If vowels of the stem of a word are back vowels, the vowels of affixes change into back vowels.
The vowel Harmony rule is shown below:
- o(close-mid back vowels or near-close back vowels)<->i(near-close front vowels)
- a(Open-mid back vowels or open back vowels)<->e(Open-mid front vowels)
example:
- rakataka("person/human") --> rakataka-ro("to the person")
- ikerevi("child") --> ikerevi-ri("to the child")
- rakataka("person/human") + teriki("land") --> rakataka-taroko("Sgen Homeland, world")
However, in the modern language, compound words often don't follow the vowel harmony rule
Grammar
Syntax
Word Order
- Basic Word Order: Subject-Object-Verb(SOV)
- Adpositions are postpositions, conjunctions are at the end of the sentence
Morphology
- Noun inflections:
- Numbers:
- dual:-po/-pi
- plural:-pa/-pe
- Cases:
- Nominative:-va/-ve
- Genitive:-ta/-te
- Dative:-ro/-ri
- Accusative:-vo/-vi
- Benefactive:-ga/-ge
- Instrumental:-go/-gi
- Locative:-to/-ti
- Ablative:-ra/-re/-ka/-ke
- Numbers:
- Verb inflections:
- infinitive/adverbial: -paro/-peri
- Tense-aspects-mood:
- Indicative:
- present:-paro/-peri
- past imperfective:-poka/-pike
- present continuous:-roka/-rike
- perfective:-gata/-gete
- subjunctive: -ra/-re
- optative:-govo/-givi
- Indicative:
- Other marks:
- question maker:-kaga/-kege
- negation:-pavo/-pevi
- adjective:
- attributive: -ta/-te
- predicative: -va-paro/-ve-peri(the -paro/-peri suffixes are the standard verbal suffixes)
- dependent clause ender:-varo/-veri
Derivation
- Causative I: -pa/-pe(suffix)
- Causative II: -tapa-/-tepe-(infix between the first and second syllable)
words
This is only a part of the words, the complete word list is under construction.
Numbers
- one: vo
- two: pi
- three: pepi
- four: evi
- five: poka
- (six: pokavopao(5+1))
- (seven: pokapopao(5+2, vowel mutation))
- (eight: pokapapopao(5+3, vowel mutation))
- (nine: pokaavopao(5+4, vowel mutation))
- ten: taa
- hundred: kaavaa
- plus: pao
- minus: pie
- -th:-ata/-ete
Pronouns
single | dual | triple | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st exclusive | ako | akopo | akoka | akopa |
1st inclusive | ako | akopota | akopotapo | akopotapa |
2nd | pite | pitepi | piteke | pitepe |
3rd general | avo | avopo | - | avopa |
3rd near(this/these) | eri | eripi | - | eripe |
3rd far(that/those) | ara | arapo | - | arapa |
Conjugations and other words
- And: a
- Or: e
- If: i
- Then: vepi
- Because: ka
- So; therefore: ta
- before(also used with dative nouns): pie
- after(also used with dative nouns): pa
- when(not pronoun); as soon as: apo