Difference between revisions of "Kwalia language"

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|name          = Tayam
|name          = Tayam
|altname      =  
|altname      =  
|nativename    = ''üchã''
|nativename    = ''bwèsèn''
|pronunciation = [ʉt͡ʃã]
|pronunciation = [βʷə̀sə̀ŋ]
|states =  
|states =  
|region        = southern [[Awating]] (Nguxi Province, Nąnim Province)
|region        = southern [[Awating]] (Nguxi Province, Nąnim Province)
Line 12: Line 12:
|date          = 2020
|date          = 2020
|familycolor  = isolate
|familycolor  = isolate
|family        = Language isolate
|family        = [[wikipedia:Language_isolate|Isolate]]
|posteriori    =  
|posteriori    =  
|dia1          =  
|dia1          =  
|dialects      =  
|dialects      =  
|script        =  
|script        = [[Letso-Terminian script]] (rarely)<br>[[Tayam script]] (attempted)
|nation        = none
|nation        = none
|agency        =  
|agency        =  
Line 31: Line 31:
}}
}}


'''Tayam''' is a language isolate spoken by about 3,900 people in southeastern [[Awating]].
'''Tayam''' is a language isolate spoken by about 3,900 people in southeastern [[Awating]]. The Tayam-speaking area consists of about a dozen small villages within a subtropical valley stretching across Nguxi and Nąnim Provinces in Awating. It is the only recorded living non-[[Ngerupic languages|Ngerupic]] language in [[Akulanen]].
 
==Origins and discovery==
Tayam's origins are unknown and the subject of controversy. Study of Tayam began in 1961 with the Awatese linguist [[Kama Řąziya Ngunim Ningną]]. Kama disappeared under mysterious circumstances after venturing from [[Kąkoma]] to the valleys of southern Awating, and his notes were published posthumously as ''Characteristics of the Teyam Language: A Preliminary Sketch''. This put off many other linguists from attempting further study, and information from then on was few and far between. There were very few speakers willing to provide the linguists with any information, and Tayam was thought to be extinct from about the 1990s until about 2014. In 2020, the case of Tayam was revisited, facilitated by improved availability of travel resources and more linguistic knowledge, and the speaker numbers in local academic circulation were updated.


==Classification and number of speakers==
==Classification and number of speakers==
Tayam has been proven to be a language isolate, unrelated to any other languages. There have been numerous controversies about its classification, stemming from prior lack of reliable information about the language. However, as the Tayam-speaking area became more accessible and more recent data was obtained, the few scholars studying the language began to question their earlier classifications, and Tayam remains yet to be conclusively classified; current scholarly consensus and data suggest that Tayam is a language isolate. Tayam is also unusual in that, despite [[Awating]]'s repressive and hostile indigenous language policy, the language's vitality is stable and even vigorous; despite the small size of the speech community, many Tayam are monolingual or speak little Awatese, rates of inter-generational transmission are very high, and the speakerbase generally lacks a negative attitude toward the language. Tayam is spoken natively by about 3,900 people across several villages in Awating.
Tayam has been proven to be a language isolate, unrelated to any other languages. There have been numerous controversies about its classification, stemming from prior lack of reliable information about the language. However, as the Tayam-speaking area became more accessible and more recent data was obtained, the few scholars studying the language began to question their earlier classifications, and Tayam remains yet to be conclusively classified; current scholarly consensus and data suggest that Tayam is a language isolate. Tayam is also unusual in that, despite [[Awating]]'s repressive and hostile indigenous language policy, the language's vitality is stable and even vigorous; despite the small size of the speech community, many Tayam are monolingual or speak little Awatese, rates of inter-generational transmission are very high, and the speakerbase generally lacks a negative attitude toward the language. Tayam is spoken natively by about 3,900 people across several villages in Awating.


From when study of the language began in the early 1960s to about 2014, very little reliable data was available about the language, due to the relative inaccessibility and isolation of the Tayam-speaking area as well as the small number of speakers. While the sparse data did suggest that it may have been an isolate, linguists at the time generally classified Tayam as a Ngerupic language, owing to a few shared areal features in common with the Ngerupic languages of Awating. Some scholars have also claimed that Tayam was invented by groups of rural bandits as a method of concealing information, citing its areally unusual phonology and grammar and lack of consensus about the language's origins.
From when study of the language began in the early 1960s to about 2014, very little reliable data was available about the language, due to the relative inaccessibility and isolation of the Tayam-speaking area as well as the small number of speakers. While the sparse data did suggest that it may have been an isolate, linguists at the time generally classified Tayam as a Ngerupic language, owing to a few shared areal features in common with the Ngerupic languages of Awating as well as some loanwords from neighboring languages. Some scholars have also claimed that Tayam was invented by groups of rural bandits as a method of concealing information, citing its areally unusual phonology and grammar and lack of consensus about the language's origins.


Linguist [[Amang Řąziya Ngunrą Zahang]] has posited that Tayam is related to the [[Ngigu language]] of southern coastal Awating, and therefore related to the [[Abugo languages]] of [[Lahan]] via an Umo-Abugo language macrofamily. Neither proposal has been accepted by mainstream academia, and these are both regarded as fringe theories.
Linguist [[Amang Řąziya Ngunrą Zahang]] has posited that Tayam is related to the [[Ngigu language]] of southern coastal Awating, and therefore related to the [[Abugo languages]] of [[Lahan]] via an Umo-Abugo language macrofamily. Neither proposal has been accepted by mainstream academia.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Phonemes===
===Phonemes===
Tayam has 20 phonemic consonants and 4 phonemic vowels, each with 3 level tones, for a total of 12 vowel sounds.


====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;"
! Consonants
! colspan="2" |
! Bilabial
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Alveolar
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Palatal
! Labiovelar
! Labiovelar
Line 60: Line 53:
! Glottal
! Glottal
|-
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | Nasal
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Ploaive
| m
| style="font-style:italic; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | plain
| p
| t
|  
|  
| n
|  
|  
| ɲ
| k
| ʔ
|-
| style="font-style:italic; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | labialized
| pʷ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | Plosive
| p pʰ
|  
|  
| t tʰ
|  
|  
| c cʰ
|
| k kʰ
| ʔ
|-
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | Fricative
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Fricative
|  
| style="font-style:italic; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | plain
| v
| β
| s
| s
| ʃ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| h
| h
|-
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | Affricate
| style="font-style:italic; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | labialized
|
| βʷ
|
|
| t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | Lateral approximant
|
|
| l
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|-
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | Lateral flap
| colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Nasal
|
|
| ɺ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ŋ
|  
|  
|-
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | Approximant
| colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Approximant
|
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|}
|}


'''Notes:'''
====Vowels====


====Vowels====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;"
! style="background-color:#c0c0c0;" | Vowels
! style="font-weight:normal;" |  
! Front
! Front
! Central
! Back
! Back
|-
|-
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Close
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Close
| í ī ì
| í ì
|  
|  
| ú ù
|-
|-
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Close-Mid
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Mid
| é ē è
|  
| ó ō ò
| ə́ ə̀
|
|-
|-
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | Open
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Open
| á ā à
|  
|  
|  
| ɑ́ ɑ̀
|}
|}


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Tayam’s syllable structure is (C)(ʔ)V(V)(ʔ)(C), where C is any consonant and V is any vowel. No more than two vowels are allowed in the same syllable, usually for the purposes of contour tone. Consonant clusters that do not involve glottal stops only occur at the boundary between syllables; they cannot occur word-initally or word-finally.


==Morphology and syntax==
==Morphology and syntax==

Revision as of 16:36, 2 July 2022

Tayam
bwèsèn
Pronunciation[βʷə̀sə̀ŋ]
Regionsouthern Awating (Nguxi Province, Nąnim Province)
EthnicityTayam
Native speakers3,900  (2020)
Language family
Writing systemLetso-Terminian script (rarely)
Tayam script (attempted)
Official status
Official language innone
CWS codeytm
TayamLocation.png
The location of the Tayam-speaking area in Awating, viewed within Akulanen.

Tayam is a language isolate spoken by about 3,900 people in southeastern Awating. The Tayam-speaking area consists of about a dozen small villages within a subtropical valley stretching across Nguxi and Nąnim Provinces in Awating. It is the only recorded living non-Ngerupic language in Akulanen.

Classification and number of speakers

Tayam has been proven to be a language isolate, unrelated to any other languages. There have been numerous controversies about its classification, stemming from prior lack of reliable information about the language. However, as the Tayam-speaking area became more accessible and more recent data was obtained, the few scholars studying the language began to question their earlier classifications, and Tayam remains yet to be conclusively classified; current scholarly consensus and data suggest that Tayam is a language isolate. Tayam is also unusual in that, despite Awating's repressive and hostile indigenous language policy, the language's vitality is stable and even vigorous; despite the small size of the speech community, many Tayam are monolingual or speak little Awatese, rates of inter-generational transmission are very high, and the speakerbase generally lacks a negative attitude toward the language. Tayam is spoken natively by about 3,900 people across several villages in Awating.

From when study of the language began in the early 1960s to about 2014, very little reliable data was available about the language, due to the relative inaccessibility and isolation of the Tayam-speaking area as well as the small number of speakers. While the sparse data did suggest that it may have been an isolate, linguists at the time generally classified Tayam as a Ngerupic language, owing to a few shared areal features in common with the Ngerupic languages of Awating as well as some loanwords from neighboring languages. Some scholars have also claimed that Tayam was invented by groups of rural bandits as a method of concealing information, citing its areally unusual phonology and grammar and lack of consensus about the language's origins.

Linguist Amang Řąziya Ngunrą Zahang has posited that Tayam is related to the Ngigu language of southern coastal Awating, and therefore related to the Abugo languages of Lahan via an Umo-Abugo language macrofamily. Neither proposal has been accepted by mainstream academia.

Phonology

Phonemes

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Labiovelar Velar Glottal
Ploaive plain p t k ʔ
labialized
Fricative plain β s h
labialized βʷ
Nasal ŋ
Approximant j w

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close í ì ú ù
Mid ə́ ə̀
Open ɑ́ ɑ̀

Phonotactics

Morphology and syntax

Vocabulary

Further reading