Kreng language

Kreng
Wa Kwan
Pronunciation	[wá kwã́]
Ethnicity	Kreng
Native speakers	113,394,000  (2021)
Language family	Ngerupic Quoncic Kreng
Early forms:	Middle Kreng Kreng
Dialects	Standard Kreng Awarahli Kreng Angnyaiq Kreng Yi Kreng Xuni Kreng Wo Amiyant Kreng Jo Amiyant Kreng Lan Kreng Yi Kreng Phaw Kreng Central Kreng
Official status
Official language in	Quaycain, Karduv, Ru, Angnyaiq
CWS code	sdq

Kreng is a Ngerupic language official in Quaycain. It is the second most widely spoken Ngerupic language, second only to Terminian, with around 113 million speakers, depending on which dialects one considers. While much of the core vocabulary shared with other Ngerupic languages, there is a substantial amount of vocabulary with no cognates in other branches.

There are several dialects of Kreng, traditionally considered dialects but increasingly considered by linguists outside Quaycain to be separate languages. This article will describe the standard Kreng variety, official in Quaycain and predominantly originating from a standardized register of Central Kreng.

Standard Kreng is a standardized register of Capital Central Kreng, which is a subdialect of Central Kreng, which itself derives from Middle Kreng. The dialect earned its prestige after the Phõ Dynasty relocated the capital from Paseinsẽ to Jikhein, as the Imperial Court increasingly employed personnel from Central Kreng-speaking areas. Attempts to standardize Central Kreng began in the 18th century when imperial scholars attempted to create a unified Terminianization system for the capital dialect. Voara II noted the communication difficulties from the diverse linguistic situation in Quaycain during a meeting between his father Jestrún IV and officials from Wa Sein province, who spoke Jo Amiyant Kreng. Their lack of fluency in Central Kreng necessitated the use of translators.

Standard Kreng, then known as Celestial Standard Kreng was first promulgated during Olboros Quaycain as part of Voara II's reforms in 1845, and schools across the nation began to teach this standard alongside regular classes in their own native dialects in order to boost literacy rates and aid in creating a single common linguistic identity.

The language was promptly renamed to "Standard Kreng" during the Kyenese Republic in 1903. Standard Kreng was heavily promoted during the Kyenese Empire in conquered territories, specifically in occupied Riyana. The Supreme Commune of Quaycain officially abandoned the Kyenese logography, favouring the easier Terminian alphabet instead. Under the kúúlist regime, the language underwent deliberate changes to remove "ideologically incompatible vocabulary" from public use, but the endeavour was abandoned in 1972.

Kreng is written with the Letso-Terminian alphabet.

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Epiglottal	Glottal
Nasal
Plosive
Fricative
Affricate
Approximant
Trill
Flap or tap
Lateral fric.
Lateral app.
Lateral flap

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Orthography

The Kreng language is written using Kyenese logograms.