Difference between revisions of "Aramani language"
Line 480: | Line 480: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |<small>NOM</small> | ! style="" |<small>NOM</small> | ||
| do | | ''do'' | ||
| | | ''min'' | ||
| je | | ''je'' | ||
| oy | | ''oy'' | ||
| koy | | ''koy'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |<small>ACC</small> | ! style="" |<small>ACC</small> | ||
| con | | ''con'' | ||
| mon | | ''mon'' | ||
| jon | | ''jon'' | ||
| ren | | ''ren'' | ||
| kren | | ''kren'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |<small>GEN</small> | ! style="" |<small>GEN</small> | ||
| liğ | | ''liğ'' | ||
| meğ | | ''meğ'' | ||
| ja | | ''ja'' | ||
| oğ | | ''oğ'' | ||
| zoğ | | ''zoğ'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |<small>DAT</small> | ! style="" |<small>DAT</small> | ||
| yen | | ''yen'' | ||
| myen | | ''myen'' | ||
| já | | ''já'' | ||
| orme | | ''orme'' | ||
| korme | | ''korme'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |<small>LOC</small> | ! style="" |<small>LOC</small> | ||
| | | ''do-vi'' | ||
| | | ''mi-vi'' | ||
| | | ''je-vi'' | ||
| | | ''oy-ni'' | ||
| zoy | | ''zoy'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |<small>INSTR/COM</small> | ! style="" |<small>INSTR/COM</small> | ||
| cone | | ''cone'' | ||
| min | | ''min'' | ||
| ojne | | ''ojne'' | ||
| ran | | ''ran'' | ||
| kran | | ''kran'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 10:50, 18 August 2022
Aramani | |
---|---|
Orumoli Orumoli | |
Pronunciation | /oruˈmoli/ |
Ethnicity | Aramani |
Language family | Vaniuan
|
Early forms: | Proto-Vaniuan
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Araman |
CWS code | – |
Aramani is the official language of the Grand Duchy of Araman.
Classification
History
Phonology
Phonemes
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
Voiceless Plosive | t | k | |||
Voiced Plosive | b | d | ɡ | ||
Voiceless Affricate | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | t͡ɕ | ||
Voiced Affricate | d͡z | ɖ͡ʐ | d͡ʑ | ||
Voiceless Fricative | s | ʂ | ɕ | x | |
Voiced Fricative | v | z | ʐ | ʑ | |
Approximant | l | r | j | ɰ |
- Alveolars may be dental or true alveolar
- Velar continuants /x/ and /ɰ/ may be velar [x] and [ɰ], uvular [χ]
and [ʁ], glottal [h] and [ɦ], or in some instances even pharyngeal [ħ] and [ʕ].
- The rhotic /r/ is most often described as a trill [r] but may also be a
tap [ɾ].
- /dz/, /ʈʂ/, and /ɖʐ/ are marginal phonemes, often acting as consonant clusters; they are more commonly found in loan words and onomatopoeic expressions.
- /b/ and /v/ have voiceless allophones [p] and [f], respectively, when
preceded by voiceless obstruents; this voicing assimilation is true for other obstruents as well, but is phonemic. /p/ and /f/ may also be found in recent loan words.
- Alveolars undergo allophonic retroflexion when adjacent to a retroflex
segment. Palatalization also spreads within clusters but is phonemic.
- For more information of morphophnolgy, see the Historical Phonology
section.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | ɘ | o | |
Open | ɛ | ɑ |
- /ɘ/ has a wide range of phonetic realizations and is most commonly [ɪ]
following palatal consonants
- /ɑ/ may be back [ɑ] or central [ä].
Phonotactics
Orthogrophy
Letter | Name | IPA | Transliteration |
---|---|---|---|
L l | le le | /l/ | l |
B b | be be | /b/ | b |
V v | ve ve | /v/ | v |
S s | se se | /s/ | s |
Š š | še śe | /ɕ/ | ś |
Z z | ze ze | /z/ | z |
Ž ž | že źe | /ʑ/ | ź |
D d | de de | /d/ | d |
Ď ď | ďe dźe | /d͡ʑ/ | dź |
T t | te te | /t/ | t |
Ť ť | ťe će | /t͡ɕ/ | ć |
R r | re re | /r/ | r |
K k | ke ke | /k/ | k |
G g | ge ge | /g/ | g |
M m | me me | /m/ | m |
J j | je je | /ʐ/ | j |
C c | ce şe | /ʂ/ | ş |
Þ þ | þe ce | /t͡s/ | c |
Q q | qe qe | /x/ | q |
Ğ ğ | ğe ğe | /ɰ/ | ğ |
N n | ne ne | /n/ | n |
Ň ň | ňe ńe | /ɲ/ | ń |
Y y | ye ye | /j/ | y |
Æ æ | æ á | /ɛ/ | á |
A a | a a | /ɑ/ | a |
I i | i i | /i/ | i |
E e | e e | /ɘ, ɛ/ | e |
O o | o o | /o/ | o |
U u | u u | /u/ | u |
Morphology and syntax
Nominals
Aramani nouns decline for case, but not number. The six cases are:
- The Direct Case (DIR): used for the subjects of intransitive verbs and both the agents and patients of transitive verbs; this is the most basic case and is the dictionary form
- The Genitive Case (GEN): used for possessors and to show other relationships
- The Dative Case (DAT): used for indirect objects and beneficiaries
- The Locative Case (LOC): used for locations and states (e.g. 'in,' 'on,' or 'at')
- The Instrumental Case (INSTR): used for the means or instrument by which an action is done (e.g. 'with,' 'using,' or 'by means of')
- The Comitative Case (COM): used for additional accompanying arguments (e.g. '(together) with,' 'in addition to,' or 'and')
Nouns also fall into one of three paradigms: Even, Odd, or Mutating.
Even Nouns
Even nouns are named for their stress which falls on an even numbered syllable counting backwards with zero being the final syllable (ultimately stressed nouns count as even). However, this stress may be historical, and the modern stress may fall on an odd syllable. Even nouns decline with the following endings:
Case | Ending | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
DIR | - | vuyin | 'family' |
GEN | -i | vuyini | -y after a vowel |
DAT | -me | vuyinme | |
LOC | -vi | vuyinvi | |
INSTR | -ye | vuyinye | |
COM | -ci | vuyinci |
Odd Nouns
Similar to even nouns, odd nouns are named for their stress which falls on an odd numbered syllable counting backwards with zero being the final syllable. However, this stress may be historical, and the modern stress may fall on an even syllable. Odd nouns decline with the following endings:
Case | Ending | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
DIR | - | yokve | 'hand' |
GEN | -e | yokvo | -o takes place of a final vowel |
DAT | -má | yokvemá | |
LOC | -ve | yokveve | |
INSTR | -ya | yokveya | |
COM | -ce | yokvece |
Mutating Nouns
Mutating nouns follow same declension patterns as even nouns but are notable for a change in stem for the non-direct cases. This secondary stem can often be predicted, but not always. Most mutating nouns were historically penultimately stressed nouns ending in -VCV.
Case | Ending | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
DIR | - | moşe | 'mother' |
GEN | -i | muşáy | -y after a vowel |
DAT | -me | muşáme | |
LOC | -vi | muşávi | |
INSTR | -ye | muşáye | |
COM | -ci | muşáci |
Pronominals
Aramani pronouns decline similarly to nouns; however, instead of the direct case there are the nominative and accusative cases.
- The Nominative Case (NOM): used for the subjects of intransitive verbs and the agents of transitive verbs
- The Accusative Case (ACC): used for the patients of transitive verbs
Below are the declensions of the four basic personal pronouns – first person singular (1S ‘I’), first person plural (1P ‘we’), second person (2 ‘you/you all’), and third person (3 ‘he/she/it/they’) – as well as the interrogative pronoun (INTERR ‘who/what’)
1S | 1P | 2 | 3 | INTERR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NOM | do | min | je | oy | koy |
ACC | con | mon | jon | ren | kren |
GEN | liğ | meğ | ja | oğ | zoğ |
DAT | yen | myen | já | orme | korme |
LOC | do-vi | mi-vi | je-vi | oy-ni | zoy |
INSTR/COM | cone | min | ojne | ran | kran |
Vocabulary
Numbers
0 - mo mo | 10 - qom qom | 20 - sqon sqon |
1 - śi ši | 11 - ceğ þeğ | 30 - máceqom mæþeqom |
2 - cśim þšim | 12 - muviğ muviğ | 40 - ćiyqom ťiyqom |
3 - máce mæþe | 13 - qid qid | 50 - cek þek |
4 - ćić ťiť | 14 - one one | 60 - vikqom vikqom |
5 - sáv sæv | 15 - ice iþe | 70 - ińqom iňqom |
6 - vik vik | 16 - nádu nædu | 80 - yáseqom yæseqom |
7 - iń iň | 17 - śqoce šqoþe | 90 - yecqum yeþqum |
8 - yáse yæse | 18 - kán kæn | 100 - táne tæne |
9 - yec yeþ | 19 - myğon myğon | 1000 - ćeye ťeye |