User:Ava/Northeast Mirarian linguistic area
The North Mirarian languages (also called the Paleo-Mirarian languages) is a collective term for several unrelated language families and language isolates spoken in parts of northeastern Miraria that are believed to have predated the arrival of the much larger East Mirarian, Maakpauean and Shaelic language families.
The label 'North Mirarian' covers languages spoken by members of both the human and vodholk species. Due to their coexistence for thousands of years several features are shared across languages in a sprachbund, including across species lines, but linguists have been unable to determine any unambiguous genetic relationship between any of these families.
The Deyatsa and Tlukerian families were previously classified as North Mirarian before their relationship to the Milevic family was determined.
Relationships
Vocabulary comparison
Below are selected basic vocabulary items in proto-languages reconstructed for North Mirarian languages. Proto-East Mirarian, Proto-Maakpauean and Proto Shaelic are also included for comparison.
| gloss | Proto-Tulipik-Lakup | Proto-Yucho | Proto-kamPatuk | Proto-Vemkha | Proto-Shaelic | Proto-East Mirarian | Proto-Maakpauean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | *cenəl | *pa:r | *di:bu | *ətujă | *tıŋı; *sıpıš | *mijed | |
| neck | *vəri | *ɡani | *qurə | *sikʷilti; *köɡis | *uxna | ||
| hair | *mu:ki | *pʰof | *quśə | *süxi; *sıkaŋkı | *miuq | ||
| eye | *tak; *me | *ɡi:ɡu | *me | *ŭmak | *üŋɡiŋ | *irqe | |
| ear | *nuku | *ñukkə | *üxiŋ | *eɡí:tjeq; *eɡéjil | |||
| nose | *təmnʌ | *oj | *ɡa:mi | *ŋuqqə | *niɡʷim | *ɡewem | |
| tooth | *xure; *kis | *tiaɡi | *ɡilli; *ɡʷocı | *tiɢae | |||
| tongue | *tutu | *jucə | *tommıŋ | ||||
| mouth | *ŋəvðʊ | *tipa: | *ŋɤɣŭ- | *sixis; *düktiŋ | *esriul; *tseipp | ||
| hand | *bunu | *im | *tlamŭ | *ɡöxiŋ | *nwen | ||
| foot | *xewr[u] | *bika | *ceaj | *qɤttə | *lünzə | *ʔeɡir | |
| breast | *xamaj | *miŋi | *ɡʷümmə | *edemi | |||
| heart | *amipa | *kʰθan | *tlimV | *sikəsi; *doxla | *múɡe | ||
| meat | *nʌli | *socun; *rɔp | *kumi | *qʰfaze | *ăqɤk(kə-) | *nušamı | *heɡelij |
| blood | *adau | *cuttəʔ | *kuxta; *mıćıŋŋıŋ | *erléut | |||
| bone | *i:r | *kaka | *ənat | *iti | *lár | ||
| skin | *nut; nit | *ɡada | *katlă- | *ski:s | |||
| fingernail | *puŋi | *sakkʷə | *mirəŋɡiŋ | *tiqqa | |||
| person | *pjuco | *ki-patu | *wəmɣə | *suq-əʔ | *üri; *ürə | *qutken | |
| child | *pene | *ki-ɡi:ɡu | *nu; *tʰom | *sɤsă | *ʔibin; *ʔibka | ||
| name | *bi:nu | *samă | *qisin | *pewús | |||
| dog | *hara | *badu | *puzp | *lökki; *lökši | *ɡéul | ||
| fish | *buku | *qʰask | *qutə | *kʷölin | *tuɢe | ||
| bird | *cir | *minu | *tʰŋəχ | *ătikkə | *ɡilti | *lies | |
| egg | *tiɣnə | *has; *ki:s | *ɡinu | *ɡićiŋ | *khúhwen | ||
| louse | *ɔna | *pana | *t̪xuŋsf | *qŭHsiq | *rec | ||
| tree | *tɛj | *dati | *tɤkʔə | *méwes | |||
| leaf | *hrom | *pia | *ăcakʷ | *ʔakhet | |||
| flower | *ŋəlɪ | *ir | *ŋaki | *əturəʔ | *üz; *zümmiŋ | ||
| grass | *rir | *kutupi | *tlikʷəH | *səɡʷi | |||
| rope | *təʁma | *ə:kəs | *tikutiku | *śukʷə | *ıkkısı | ||
| root | *bika=dati | *rɤjkʷə[q] | *ülin | *léjeb | |||
| water | *waða | *ira; *hren | *papi | *kʰa; *ŋox | *ʔəcuk | *axı; *zımpı | *ásin |
| fire | *ðəqen | *ti:pu | *əkkʷur | *doyma | *qeis | ||
| wind | *inir | *ŋipau | *ăkʷaqqəʔ | *mizitə | |||
| smoke | *nas | *daimu | *ɬisə | *ɡʷənniŋ; *moxıs | *jurn | ||
| stone | *tore; *pi:s | *kima | *kimə | *biskillə | *séum | ||
| earth | *nəre | *tidaku | *ăqɤqCəH | *taxsı | *srel | ||
| salt | *son | *idapu | |||||
| road | *ŋu:di | *rɤttə | |||||
| house | *jɪtə | *erun; *nu:sim | *iduɡu | *caj | *mɤŋkă | *səxikkit | *qítteh |
| day | *ɡuipi | *əkʷiq | *omın | *nim | |||
| night | *ðuŋmæ | *moran | *ŋiumu | *kʷŭcisă? | *büxstə | *reine | |
| sun | *ðicə | *som | *dika | *ɲək | *ɬiktă | *cus; *möxit | *míhʔan |
| moon | *məɣʊ | *som | *nipu | *ɲʉəf | *maɬŭʔ | *kullım | *ska:nem |
| star | *sɛja | *dina | *kəHaq | *ɡʷər | *ruis | ||
| eat | *kəj[u] | *tʰeam- | *tluqqŭ- | *ama- | *akʔi | ||
| die | *münzi- | *ksúr | |||||
| one | *na:r | *kiana | *ɤt; *ɤtă | *ümi | *deíʔ | ||
| two | *kɔgo | *mudi | *nattə | *nəɡi | *khuk | ||
| three | |||||||
| four | |||||||
| five | |||||||
| ten | *womo | *giita | |||||
| I | *nak | *ku | *ki | *[V]ɣar | *na- | *xip | |
| you | *bi | *[V]qas | *bi- | *tahn | |||
| he/she/it | *u | *pox; *poɣn | *suktŭ (animate) *qăHiɣ (inanimate) |
*(s)i- | |||
| gloss | Proto-Tulipik-Lakup | Proto-Yucho | Proto-kamPatuk | Proto-Vemkha | Proto-Shaelic | Proto-East Mirarian | Proto-Maakpauean |
to add: hemminorak (need sev), vodholk isolates. any others?