Difference between revisions of "Egeriac language"
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Egeriac language | |name = Egeriac language | ||
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|date = 2020 | |date = 2020 | ||
|familycolor = | |familycolor = | ||
|fam1 = | |fam1 = Alcian | ||
|fam2 = North | |fam2 = North Alcian | ||
|ancestor2 = | |ancestor2 = | ||
|ancestor = [[Old Egeriac]] | |ancestor = [[Old Egeriac]] | ||
Line 35: | Line 34: | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Egeriac language''' is a language spoken in [[Notzel]]. | The '''Egeriac language''' is a language spoken in [[Notzel]]. It is the main language of the [[Egeriac people]] and the official language of Notzel. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
The Egeriac language is | The Egeriac language is an Alcian language, it is one of the north Alcian languages of the Alcian language family and is the only surviving language of the north Alcian languages. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
Line 119: | Line 118: | ||
|} | |} | ||
The | [ɪ] and [ɨ] are allophones of /e/. The pronunciation of /e/ varies between [e], [ɪ] and [ɨ], it is a subject of dialectic and even personal variations. In some dialects, /e/ has been merged with /ɛ/ or /i/; also, while [e] is the standard pronunciation of /e/, most people pronounce it as [ɨ] and sometimes [ɪ], because [e] can mix up with [ɛ] easily. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
All syllables | All syllables start with a consonant. Syllables that seem to start with a vowel actually start with the glottal stop. | ||
==Morphology and syntax== | ==Morphology and syntax== | ||
Line 128: | Line 127: | ||
The Egeriac language relies on the use of internal vowel changes alongside with affixes for certain grammatical functions. Some affixes also trigger internal vowel changes. | The Egeriac language relies on the use of internal vowel changes alongside with affixes for certain grammatical functions. Some affixes also trigger internal vowel changes. | ||
====Nouns==== | ====Nouns==== | ||
Nouns in Egeriac does not inflect for case, but nouns inflect for number and possession. | |||
The plural form of nouns are marked by adding the suffix '''-oth''', or by internal vowel change, or by the combination of both; besides, some nouns follow collective-singulative pattern, in which the unmarked form is a collective form, and the singulative form is created from the collective form by adding '''-u''' or '''-i''', the -u suffix is used for humans, and the -i suffix is used for everything else. | |||
====Adjectives==== | ====Adjectives==== | ||
Adjectives agree with nouns in number; besides, adjectives have an elative form, which is used as both of the comparative and superlative form of an adjective. The superlative form is created by adding the definite article to the elative form of an adjective. | |||
====Verbs==== | ====Verbs==== | ||
====Derivational Morphology==== | ====Derivational Morphology==== | ||
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* Demonstratives, articles, numerals precede the noun they modify; Adjectives, Possessors and Relative Clauses follow the noun they modify | * Demonstratives, articles, numerals precede the noun they modify; Adjectives, Possessors and Relative Clauses follow the noun they modify | ||
The Egeriac language has SOV as the main sentential word order, and the order between the subject, the object and the verb is pretty rigid due to a lack of nominal case system; however, Egeriac word order shows a lot of syntactic features expected to VO languages like the tendency to use prepositions, the use of initial conjugations and relative clauses follow the head nouns, and | The Egeriac language has SOV as the main sentential word order, and the order between the subject, the object and the verb is pretty rigid due to a lack of nominal case system; however, Egeriac word order shows a lot of syntactic features expected to VO languages like the tendency to use prepositions, the use of initial conjugations and relative clauses follow the head nouns, and some related languages have VO as the main word order. Therefore, there's a theory that the ancestor language of Egeriac had an VO word order, and its word order shifted to SOV due to contacts with Adzamic and Baredan languages. | ||
=====Positions of Adverbial Phrases===== | =====Positions of Adverbial Phrases===== | ||
====Possession==== | |||
====Definiteness==== | |||
====Negation==== | |||
====Relative Clauses and Content Clauses==== | |||
Relative clauses start with the invariant complementizer '''zed''', the complementizer '''zed''' does not decline according to number, case, etc., and the relativized word is left blank in the relative clause. The relative clause follows the noun it modifies. | |||
Whether the head noun is the subject or the direct object in the relative clause, is sometimes ambiguous, however, in most circumstances, the context and background knowledge may help disambiguate a sentence. | |||
For example: | |||
* '''h-an ''zed'' he-xeneth kanadi yon nudi''' - the person, ''who'' found the sun, lives here. | |||
* '''he-num ''zed'' h-an hamami zovol''' - the house, ''which'' the person bought, is big. | |||
Content Clauses can also be introduced by zed. For example: | |||
- '''zed Ebith he-num hamami virozath''' - I know that Ebith bought the house. | |||
====Resultative==== | |||
====Verb Framing==== | |||
Egeriac is a verb-framing language, that is, the verb of a sentence usually shows the path of motion, and the adverbs or particles show the manner of motion. | |||
The manner of a verb is often in the adverbial form. | |||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Most words in Egeriac are inherited from Old Egeriac; however, there are also some loanwords. Some loanwords have their vowels altered to fit in the morphology of Egeriac. | Most words in Egeriac are inherited from Old Egeriac; however, there are also some loanwords. Some loanwords may have their vowels altered to fit in the morphology of Egeriac. | ||
===Some words in Egeriac=== | |||
====Personal Pronouns==== | |||
* 1st person singular(I/me): ni | |||
* 2nd person singular(you(sg)): mi | |||
* 3rd person singular(he/she/it): ki | |||
* 1st person plural(we/us): neth | |||
* 2nd person plural(you(pl)): meth | |||
* 3rd person plural(they/them): heth | |||
* reflexive(self): demel | |||
====Interrogative Pronouns==== | |||
* who: mar | |||
* what: man | |||
* which: maz | |||
* where: manezed | |||
* when: makex | |||
* how: mach | |||
* why: mal | |||
* how much/how many: maza | |||
====Indefinite Pronouns==== | |||
In Egeriac, irregular pronouns are derived from generic nouns | |||
* anyone/anybody: anvalan | |||
* anything: anvalzen | |||
* any: anval | |||
* someone/somebody: anan | |||
* something: anzen | |||
* everyone/everybody: imvalan | |||
* everything: imvalzen | |||
* every: imval | |||
* nobody: menan | |||
* nothing: menzen | |||
====Demonstratives==== | |||
* this: ti | |||
* that: yo | |||
* these: tith | |||
* those: yoth | |||
* here: tin | |||
* there: yon | |||
====Numerals==== | |||
# one: ana | |||
# two: avora | |||
# three: mera | |||
# four: zbada | |||
# five: mev | |||
# six: neva | |||
# seven: brava | |||
# eight: mrava | |||
# nine: mitoza | |||
# ten: nemba | |||
# eleven: anemba | |||
# twelve: avoremba | |||
# thirteen: meremba | |||
# forteen: zbademba | |||
# fifteen: mevemba | |||
# sixteen: nevemba | |||
# seventeen: bravemaba | |||
# eighteen: mravemba | |||
# nineteen: mitozemba | |||
* twenty: namod | |||
* thirty: namod nemba (20+10) | |||
* forty: avara-mod | |||
* fifty: avara-mod nemba (40+10) | |||
* sixty: mera-mod | |||
* seventy: mera-mod nemba (60+10) | |||
* eighty: zbada-mod | |||
* ninety: zbada-mod nemba (80+10) | |||
* hundred: mevnez | |||
* thousand: blug | |||
* million: gozog | |||
* zero: men/menath | |||
Egeriac is base-20 with 10 as a subbase for numbers below 100, base-10 for numbers larger than 100. Cardinal numbers precede the noun, ordinal numbers follow the noun. The ikndicators '''mevnez''' "hundred", '''blug''' "thousand", '''gozog''' "million", etc. are always accompanied with a preceding numera. | |||
For example, to say '''256''', one says "'''avora mevnez avara-mod nevemba'''", which literally is "two hundred two-twenty and sixteen", or "2*100 + 2*20 + 16", with 16 being analyzable as "6+10"; to say '''135''', one says "'''ana mevnez namod mevemba'''", which literally is "one hundred twenty and fifteen", or "1*100 + 20 + 15". | |||
==Writing and literature== | ==Writing and literature== | ||
The script used to write the language is called [[Egeriac script]], which is ultimately derived from Letzic script from the north. | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Notzel]] | |||
[[Category:South Baredina]] |
Latest revision as of 15:02, 15 July 2023
Egeriac language | |
---|---|
Egeriac HeNozzani Eger | |
Ethnicity | Egeriac people |
Native speakers | 49,596,676 (2020) |
Language family | Alcian
|
Early forms: | Old Egeriac
|
CWS code | aaaaa |
The Egeriac language is a language spoken in Notzel. It is the main language of the Egeriac people and the official language of Notzel.
Classification
The Egeriac language is an Alcian language, it is one of the north Alcian languages of the Alcian language family and is the only surviving language of the north Alcian languages.
History
Phonology
Phonemes
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alveolar/Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |||||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | |||
Fricative | f v | (θ) (ð) | s z | ʃ | (x) (ɣ) | ħ ʕ | h |
Approximant | l ɾ | j |
- [θ] [ð] [x] [ɣ] are allophones of /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ respectively.
- geminated /ɾ/ is pronounced as the trilled /r/.
- The use of [θ] [ð] [ɣ] [ħ] [ʕ] is diminishing, in colloquial speech, [θ] [ð] [ɣ] [ħ] [ʕ] are often merged with [t], [d], [g], [x], [w] respectively.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i (ɪ) | (ɨ) | u |
Mid | e | o | |
Open | ɛ | ɑ |
[ɪ] and [ɨ] are allophones of /e/. The pronunciation of /e/ varies between [e], [ɪ] and [ɨ], it is a subject of dialectic and even personal variations. In some dialects, /e/ has been merged with /ɛ/ or /i/; also, while [e] is the standard pronunciation of /e/, most people pronounce it as [ɨ] and sometimes [ɪ], because [e] can mix up with [ɛ] easily.
Phonotactics
All syllables start with a consonant. Syllables that seem to start with a vowel actually start with the glottal stop.
Morphology and syntax
Morphology
The Egeriac language relies on the use of internal vowel changes alongside with affixes for certain grammatical functions. Some affixes also trigger internal vowel changes.
Nouns
Nouns in Egeriac does not inflect for case, but nouns inflect for number and possession.
The plural form of nouns are marked by adding the suffix -oth, or by internal vowel change, or by the combination of both; besides, some nouns follow collective-singulative pattern, in which the unmarked form is a collective form, and the singulative form is created from the collective form by adding -u or -i, the -u suffix is used for humans, and the -i suffix is used for everything else.
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with nouns in number; besides, adjectives have an elative form, which is used as both of the comparative and superlative form of an adjective. The superlative form is created by adding the definite article to the elative form of an adjective.
Verbs
Derivational Morphology
Like all other languages, it is possible to form new words with existing morphemes in Egeriac. In Egeriac, new words can be derived from existing roots by affixation or internal vowel change. Compounding is less common and is generally restricted to the formation of nouns.
Syntax
Word Order
The word order features are listed below:
- Basic Word Order: Subject-Object-Verb(SOV)
- Adpositions are prepositions
- Conjuctions are in the initial position of the clause
- Demonstratives, articles, numerals precede the noun they modify; Adjectives, Possessors and Relative Clauses follow the noun they modify
The Egeriac language has SOV as the main sentential word order, and the order between the subject, the object and the verb is pretty rigid due to a lack of nominal case system; however, Egeriac word order shows a lot of syntactic features expected to VO languages like the tendency to use prepositions, the use of initial conjugations and relative clauses follow the head nouns, and some related languages have VO as the main word order. Therefore, there's a theory that the ancestor language of Egeriac had an VO word order, and its word order shifted to SOV due to contacts with Adzamic and Baredan languages.
Positions of Adverbial Phrases
Possession
Definiteness
Negation
Relative Clauses and Content Clauses
Relative clauses start with the invariant complementizer zed, the complementizer zed does not decline according to number, case, etc., and the relativized word is left blank in the relative clause. The relative clause follows the noun it modifies.
Whether the head noun is the subject or the direct object in the relative clause, is sometimes ambiguous, however, in most circumstances, the context and background knowledge may help disambiguate a sentence.
For example:
- h-an zed he-xeneth kanadi yon nudi - the person, who found the sun, lives here.
- he-num zed h-an hamami zovol - the house, which the person bought, is big.
Content Clauses can also be introduced by zed. For example:
- zed Ebith he-num hamami virozath - I know that Ebith bought the house.
Resultative
Verb Framing
Egeriac is a verb-framing language, that is, the verb of a sentence usually shows the path of motion, and the adverbs or particles show the manner of motion.
The manner of a verb is often in the adverbial form.
Vocabulary
Most words in Egeriac are inherited from Old Egeriac; however, there are also some loanwords. Some loanwords may have their vowels altered to fit in the morphology of Egeriac.
Some words in Egeriac
Personal Pronouns
- 1st person singular(I/me): ni
- 2nd person singular(you(sg)): mi
- 3rd person singular(he/she/it): ki
- 1st person plural(we/us): neth
- 2nd person plural(you(pl)): meth
- 3rd person plural(they/them): heth
- reflexive(self): demel
Interrogative Pronouns
- who: mar
- what: man
- which: maz
- where: manezed
- when: makex
- how: mach
- why: mal
- how much/how many: maza
Indefinite Pronouns
In Egeriac, irregular pronouns are derived from generic nouns
- anyone/anybody: anvalan
- anything: anvalzen
- any: anval
- someone/somebody: anan
- something: anzen
- everyone/everybody: imvalan
- everything: imvalzen
- every: imval
- nobody: menan
- nothing: menzen
Demonstratives
- this: ti
- that: yo
- these: tith
- those: yoth
- here: tin
- there: yon
Numerals
- one: ana
- two: avora
- three: mera
- four: zbada
- five: mev
- six: neva
- seven: brava
- eight: mrava
- nine: mitoza
- ten: nemba
- eleven: anemba
- twelve: avoremba
- thirteen: meremba
- forteen: zbademba
- fifteen: mevemba
- sixteen: nevemba
- seventeen: bravemaba
- eighteen: mravemba
- nineteen: mitozemba
- twenty: namod
- thirty: namod nemba (20+10)
- forty: avara-mod
- fifty: avara-mod nemba (40+10)
- sixty: mera-mod
- seventy: mera-mod nemba (60+10)
- eighty: zbada-mod
- ninety: zbada-mod nemba (80+10)
- hundred: mevnez
- thousand: blug
- million: gozog
- zero: men/menath
Egeriac is base-20 with 10 as a subbase for numbers below 100, base-10 for numbers larger than 100. Cardinal numbers precede the noun, ordinal numbers follow the noun. The ikndicators mevnez "hundred", blug "thousand", gozog "million", etc. are always accompanied with a preceding numera.
For example, to say 256, one says "avora mevnez avara-mod nevemba", which literally is "two hundred two-twenty and sixteen", or "2*100 + 2*20 + 16", with 16 being analyzable as "6+10"; to say 135, one says "ana mevnez namod mevemba", which literally is "one hundred twenty and fifteen", or "1*100 + 20 + 15".
Writing and literature
The script used to write the language is called Egeriac script, which is ultimately derived from Letzic script from the north.