Difference between revisions of "Aramani language"
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|name = Aramani | |name = Aramani | ||
|altname = | |altname = | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = {{cs|JZG|Orumoli}} Orumoli | ||
|pronunciation = / | |pronunciation = /oruˈmoli/ | ||
|states = | |states = | ||
|region = | |region = | ||
Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
|speakers = | |speakers = | ||
|date = | |date = | ||
|familycolor = | |familycolor = ryamaian | ||
|fam1 = [[Vaniuan languages|Vaniuan]] | |fam1 = [[Ryamaian languages|Ryamaian]] | ||
| | |fam2 = [[Vaniuan languages|Vaniuan]] | ||
|fam3 = [[East Vaniuan languages|East Vaniuan]] | |||
|ancestor3 = Kalkali | |ancestor3 = Kalkali | ||
|ancestor2 = Proto-Eastern | |ancestor2 = Proto-Eastern Vaniuan | ||
|ancestor = Proto-Vaniuan | |ancestor = Proto-Vaniuan | ||
|posteriori = | |posteriori = | ||
Line 36: | Line 37: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Aramani''' is the official language of [[Araman| | '''Aramani''' is the official language of the [[Araman|Grand Duchy of Araman]]. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
<!-- what language family is the language in? why is it classified in that family? --> | <!-- what language family is the language in? why is it classified in that family? --> | ||
Line 73: | Line 67: | ||
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar | ! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar | ||
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex | ! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex | ||
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal | ! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal | ||
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar | ! style="width: 68px; " |Velar | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Nasal | ! style="" |Nasal | ||
| m | | m | ||
| n | | n | ||
| | | | ||
| ɲ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Voiceless Plosive | ! style="" |Voiceless Plosive | ||
| | | | ||
| t | | t | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| k | |||
| k | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Voiced Plosive | ! style="" |Voiced Plosive | ||
| b | | b | ||
| d | | d | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | ɡ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Voiceless Affricate | ! style="" |Voiceless Affricate | ||
| | | | ||
| | | t͡s | ||
| ʈ͡ʂ | |||
| t͡ɕ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 117: | Line 101: | ||
! style="" |Voiced Affricate | ! style="" |Voiced Affricate | ||
| | | | ||
| | | d͡z | ||
| ɖ͡ʐ | |||
| d͡ʑ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Voiceless Fricative | ! style="" |Voiceless Fricative | ||
| | | | ||
| s | | s | ||
| ʂ | | ʂ | ||
| ɕ | | ɕ | ||
| x | |||
| x | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Voiced Fricative | ! style="" |Voiced Fricative | ||
| v | | v | ||
| z | | z | ||
| ʐ | | ʐ | ||
| ʑ | | ʑ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Approximant | ! style="" |Approximant | ||
| | | | ||
| | | l | ||
| r | |||
| j | |||
| ɰ | |||
|} | |} | ||
* /dz/, /ʈʂ/, and /ɖʐ/ are marginal phonemes, often acting as consonant clusters | |||
* /b/ and /v/ have voiceless allophones [p] and [f], respectively, when | |||
preceded by voiceless obstruents; this voicing assimilation is true for | |||
other obstruents as well, but is phonemic. /p/ and /f/ may also be | |||
found in recent loan words. | |||
====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
Line 160: | Line 142: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close | ! style="" |Close | ||
| i | | i | ||
| | | | ||
| u | | u | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Mid | ! style="" |Mid | ||
| | | | ||
| | | ɘ | ||
| o | | o | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open | ! style="" |Open | ||
| | | ɛ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | ɑ | ||
|} | |} | ||
* /ɘ/ has a wide range of phonetic realizations and is most commonly [ɪ] | |||
following palatal consonants | |||
* /ɑ/ may be back [ɑ] or central [ä]. | |||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | ||
==Orthogrophy== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
!Letter | |||
!Name | |||
!IPA | |||
!Transliteration | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|L l}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|le}} ''le'' | |||
| /l/ | |||
| l | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|B b}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|be}} ''be'' | |||
| /b/ | |||
| b | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|V v}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|ve}} ''ve'' | |||
| /v/ | |||
| v | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|S s}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|se}} ''se'' | |||
| /s/ | |||
| s | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|Š š}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|še}} ''śe'' | |||
| /ɕ/ | |||
| ś | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|Z z}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|ze}} ''ze'' | |||
| /z/ | |||
| z | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|Ž ž}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|že}} ''źe'' | |||
| /ʑ/ | |||
| ź | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|D d}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|de}} ''de'' | |||
| /d/ | |||
| d | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|Ď ď}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|ďe}} ''dźe'' | |||
| /d͡ʑ/ | |||
| dź | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|T t}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|te}} ''te'' | |||
| /t/ | |||
| t | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|Ť ť}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|ťe}} ''će'' | |||
| /t͡ɕ/ | |||
| ć | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|R r}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|re}} ''re'' | |||
| /r/ | |||
| r | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|K k}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|ke}} ''ke'' | |||
| /k/ | |||
| k | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|G g}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|ge}} ''ge'' | |||
| /g/ | |||
| g | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|M m}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|me}} ''me'' | |||
| /m/ | |||
| m | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|J j}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|je}} ''je'' | |||
| /ʐ/ | |||
| j | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|C c}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|ce}} ''şe'' | |||
| /ʂ/ | |||
| ş | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|Þ þ}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG| þe}} ''ce'' | |||
| /t͡s/ | |||
| c | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|Q q}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|qe}} ''qe'' | |||
| /x/ | |||
| q | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|Ğ ğ}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|ğe}} ''ğe'' | |||
| /ɰ/ | |||
| ğ | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|N n}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|ne}} ''ne'' | |||
| /n/ | |||
| n | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|Ň ň}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|ňe}} ''ńe'' | |||
| /ɲ/ | |||
| ń | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|Y y}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|ye}} ''ye'' | |||
| /j/ | |||
| y | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|Æ æ}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|æ}} ''á'' | |||
| /ɛ/ | |||
| á | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|A a}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|a}} ''a'' | |||
| /ɑ/ | |||
| a | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|I i}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|i}} ''i'' | |||
| /i/ | |||
| i | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|E e}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|e}} ''e'' | |||
| /ɘ, ɛ/ | |||
| e | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|O o}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|o}} ''o'' | |||
| /o/ | |||
| o | |||
|- style="text-align:center" | |||
| style="font-size: 1.5em;" | {{cs|JZG|U u}} | |||
| {{cs|JZG|u}} ''u'' | |||
| /u/ | |||
| u | |||
|} | |||
==Morphology and syntax== | ==Morphology and syntax== | ||
Line 191: | Line 330: | ||
For syntax consider things like word order and construction of clauses. | For syntax consider things like word order and construction of clauses. | ||
--> | --> | ||
=== Nominals === | |||
Aramani nouns decline for case, but not number. The six cases are: | |||
* The '''Direct''' Case (<small>DIR</small>): used for the subjects of intransitive verbs and both the agents and patients of transitive verbs; this is the most basic case and is the dictionary form | |||
* The '''Genitive''' Case (<small>GEN</small>): used for possessors and to show other relationships | |||
* The '''Dative''' Case (<small>DAT</small>): used for indirect objects and beneficiaries | |||
* The '''Locative''' Case (<small>LOC</small>): used for locations and states (e.g. 'in,' 'on,' or 'at') | |||
* The '''Instrumental''' Case (<small>INSTR</small>): used for the means or instrument by which an action is done (e.g. 'with,' 'using,' or 'by means of') | |||
* The '''Comitative''' Case (<small>COM</small>): used for additional accompanying arguments (e.g. '(together) with,' 'in addition to,' or 'and') | |||
Nouns also fall into one of three paradigms: Even, Odd, or Mutating. | |||
====Even Nouns==== | |||
Even nouns are named for their stress which falls on an even numbered syllable counting backwards with zero being the final syllable (ultimately stressed nouns count as even). However, this stress may be historical, and the modern stress may fall on an odd syllable. Even nouns decline with the following endings: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|Case | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Ending | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>DIR</small> | |||
| - | |||
| ''vuyin'' | |||
| 'family' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>GEN</small> | |||
| -i | |||
| ''vuyin'''i''''' | |||
| -y after a vowel | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>DAT</small> | |||
| -me | |||
| ''vuyin'''me''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>LOC</small> | |||
| -vi | |||
| ''vuyin'''vi''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>INSTR</small> | |||
| -ye | |||
| ''vuyin'''ye''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>COM</small> | |||
| -ci | |||
| ''vuyin'''ci''''' | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
====Odd Nouns==== | |||
Similar to even nouns, odd nouns are named for their stress which falls on an odd numbered syllable counting backwards with zero being the final syllable. However, this stress may be historical, and the modern stress may fall on an even syllable. Odd nouns decline with the following endings: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|Case | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Ending | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>DIR</small> | |||
| - | |||
| ''yokve'' | |||
| 'hand' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>GEN</small> | |||
| -e | |||
| ''yokv'''o''''' | |||
| -o takes place of a final vowel | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>DAT</small> | |||
| -má | |||
| ''yokve'''má''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>LOC</small> | |||
| -ve | |||
| ''yokve'''ve''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>INSTR</small> | |||
| -ya | |||
| ''yokve'''ya''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>COM</small> | |||
| -ce | |||
| ''yokve'''ce''''' | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
====Mutating Nouns==== | |||
Mutating nouns follow same declension patterns as even nouns but are notable for a change in stem for the non-direct cases. This secondary stem can often be predicted, but not always. Most mutating nouns were historically penultimately stressed nouns ending in -VCV. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|Case | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Ending | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>DIR</small> | |||
| - | |||
| ''moşe'' | |||
| 'mother' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>GEN</small> | |||
| -i | |||
| ''muşá'''y''''' | |||
| -y after a vowel | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>DAT</small> | |||
| -me | |||
| ''muşá'''me''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>LOC</small> | |||
| -vi | |||
| ''muşá'''vi''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>INSTR</small> | |||
| -ye | |||
| ''muşá'''ye''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>COM</small> | |||
| -ci | |||
| ''muşá'''ci''''' | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
=== Pronominals === | |||
Aramani pronouns decline similarly to nouns; however, instead of the direct case there are the nominative and accusative cases. | |||
* The '''Nominative''' Case (<small>NOM</small>): used for the subjects of intransitive verbs and the agents of transitive verbs | |||
* The '''Accusative''' Case (<small>ACC</small>): used for the patients of transitive verbs | |||
Below are the declensions of the four basic personal pronouns – first person singular (<small>1S</small> ‘I’), first person plural (<small>1P</small> ‘we’), second person (<small>2</small> ‘you/you all’), and third person (<small>3</small> ‘he/she/it/they’) – as well as the interrogative pronoun (<small>INTERR</small> ‘who/what’) | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! style="width: 68px; "| | |||
! style="width: 68px; " | <small>1S</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " | <small>1P</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " | <small>2</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " | <small>3</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " | <small>INTERR</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>NOM</small> | |||
| ''do'' | |||
| ''mir'' | |||
| ''je'' | |||
| ''oy'' | |||
| ''koy'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>ACC</small> | |||
| ''con'' | |||
| ''mon'' | |||
| ''jon'' | |||
| ''ren'' | |||
| ''kren'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>GEN</small> | |||
| ''liğ'' | |||
| ''reğ'' | |||
| ''ja'' | |||
| ''oğ'' | |||
| ''zoğ'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>DAT</small> | |||
| ''yen'' | |||
| ''miren'' | |||
| ''já'' | |||
| ''orme'' | |||
| ''korme'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>LOC</small> | |||
| ''?'' | |||
| ''?'' | |||
| ''?'' | |||
| ''?'' | |||
| ''zoy'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>INSTR/COM</small> | |||
| ''cone'' | |||
| ''min'' | |||
| ''ojne'' | |||
| ''ran'' | |||
| ''kran'' | |||
|} | |||
Colloquially, the genitive pronouns cliticize to the nouns they modify as shown below. | |||
<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;"></span> | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=2|top=''moşe, moşel, moşem, moşej, moşo'' | |||
|moşe, moşe-l, moşe-m, moşe-j, moşe-o | |||
|mother, mother-{{gcl|1S.POSS|first person singular possessor}}, mother-{{gcl|1P.POSS|first person plural possessor}}, mother-{{gcl|2.POSS|second person possessor}}, mother-{{gcl|3.POSS|thrid person possessor}} | |||
|'mother, my mother, our mother, your mother, his/her/its/their mother'}} | |||
<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;"></span> | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=2|top=''vuyin, vuyinel, vuyinm, vuyinj, vuyino'' | |||
|vuyin, vuyin-l, vuyin-m, vuyin-j, vuyin-o | |||
|family, family-{{gcl|1S.POSS|first person singular possessor}}, family-{{gcl|1P.POSS|first person plural possessor}}, family-{{gcl|2.POSS|second person possessor}}, family-{{gcl|3.POSS|thrid person possessor}} | |||
|'family, my family, our family, your family, his/her/its/their family'}} | |||
<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;"></span> | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=2|top=''şşir, şşirel, şşirm, şşirj, şşiro'' | |||
|şsir, şsir-l, şsir-m, şsir-j, şsir-o | |||
|snake, snake-{{gcl|1S.POSS|first person singular possessor}}, snake-{{gcl|1P.POSS|first person plural possessor}}, snake-{{gcl|2.POSS|second person possessor}}, snake-{{gcl|3.POSS|thrid person possessor}} | |||
|'snake, my snake, our snake, your snake, his/her/its/their snake'}} | |||
<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;"></span> | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=2|top=''log, logel, logem, logj, logo'' | |||
|log, log-l, log-m, log-j, log-o | |||
|dog, dog-{{gcl|1S.POSS|first person singular possessor}}, dog-{{gcl|1P.POSS|first person plural possessor}}, dog-{{gcl|2.POSS|second person possessor}}, dog-{{gcl|3.POSS|thrid person possessor}} | |||
|'dog, my dog, our dog, your dog, his/her/its/their dog'}} | |||
These clitics may be used on top of noun cases. In formal instances, possessive clitics are seldom used. | |||
<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;"></span> | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=2|top=''djárvil'' | |||
|djár-vi-l | |||
|honor-{{gcl|LOC|locative case}}-{{gcl|1S.POSS|first person singular possessor}} | |||
|'on my honor (colloquial)'}} | |||
<span style="font-size:200%; line-height:1em;"></span> | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=2|top=''djárvi liğ'' | |||
|djár-vi liğ | |||
|honor-{{gcl|LOC|locative case}} {{gcl|1S.GEN|first person, genitive case}} | |||
|'on my honor (literary)'}} | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
Aramani verbs conjugate for four "tenses" (which also include grammatical aspect): | |||
* The '''Present''' Tense (<small>PRES</small>): used for current and on-going actions and states | |||
* The '''Future''' Tense (<small>FUT</small>): used for future actions and states | |||
* The '''Past Perfective''' Tense (<small>PST.PFV</small>): used for past actions and states occurring momentaneously | |||
* The '''Past Imperfective''' Tense (<small>PST.IPFV</small>): used for past actions and states occurring continuously, repeatedly, or habitually | |||
Verbs are also conjugated for two moods: | |||
* The '''Indicative''' Mood (<small>IND</small>): used for known actions and states; this is the most basic mood | |||
* The '''Inferential''' Mood (<small>INFR</small>): used for non-witnessed actions and states and is often used to express greater doubt toward the validity of the statement | |||
Additionally, Aramani verbs are conjugated to mark valency: | |||
* The '''Active''' Voice (<small>ACT</small>): used to show that the subject of the verb is its agent | |||
* The '''Mediopassive''' Mood (<small>MPAS</small>): used to show that the subject of the verb is its patient or both its agent and patient | |||
Aramani verbs also feature to gerunds – an active and a mediopassive – which may be used as participles. Furthermore, there are four converb (or adverbial participle) forms: | |||
* The '''Perfective''' Converb (<small>CNV.PFV</small>): used for the meaning of 'due to/as a result of Xing' (X being the verb in question) | |||
* The '''Imperfective''' Converb (<small>CNV.IPFV</small>): used for the meaning of 'while Xing' | |||
* The '''Purposive''' Converb (<small>CNV.PURP</small>): used for the meaning of 'in order to X' | |||
* The '''Conditional''' Converb (<small>CNV.COND</small>): used for the meaning of 'if Xing' | |||
====Class I==== | |||
All verbs fall into one of five conjugation paradigms and one of three sub-paradigms. Class I verbs come from historically monosyllabic, open-syllable verbs and are thus on of the least common paradigms. Many of the paradigms – including Class I – also feature stem-form alternation, like mutating nouns. This is indicated below by green text. | |||
=====Class I a===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>ACT.IND</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>ACT.INFR</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>MPAS.IND</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>MPAS.INFR</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| - | |||
| ''ya'' | |||
| 'throw' | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| -yov | |||
| {{font color|green|''ye'''yov'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| vu- | |||
| '''''vu'''ya'' | |||
| † | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| vo- -yov | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ye'''yov'''''}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| -kom | |||
| {{font color|green|''ye'''kom'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| vo- -kom | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ye'''kom'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| -şom | |||
| {{font color|green|''ye'''şom'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| -şomyuv | |||
| {{font color|green|''ye'''şomyuv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| vo- -şom | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ye'''şom'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| vo- -şomyuv | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ye'''şomyuv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| -yom | |||
| {{font color|green|''ye'''yom'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| -yomyuv | |||
| {{font color|green|''ye'''yomyuv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| vo- -yom | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ye'''yom'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| vo- -yomyuv | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ye'''yomyuv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| -y | |||
| ''ya'''y''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| vu- -y | |||
| '''''vu'''ya'''y''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| -yeye | |||
| {{font color|green|''ye'''yeye'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| vo- -yeye | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ye'''yeye'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| -yevi | |||
| {{font color|green|''ye'''yevi'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| vo- -yevi | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ye'''yevi'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| -yeme | |||
| {{font color|green|''ye'''yeme'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| vo- -yeme | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ye'''yeme'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| -yeyovvi | |||
| {{font color|green|''ye'''yeyovvi'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| vo- -yeyovvi | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ye'''yeyovvi'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress. | |||
=====Class I b===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>ACT.IND</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>ACT.INFR</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>MPAS.IND</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>MPAS.INFR</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| - | |||
| ''cá'' | |||
| 'force into submission' | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| -yiv | |||
| {{font color|green|''ce'''yiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| vu- | |||
| '''''vu'''cá'' | |||
| † | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| vo- -yiv | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ce'''yiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| -kim | |||
| {{font color|green|''ce'''kim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| vo- -kim | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ce'''kim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| -şim | |||
| {{font color|green|''ce'''şim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| -şimyiv | |||
| {{font color|green|''ce'''şimyiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| vo- -şim | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ce'''şim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| vo- -şimyiv | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ce'''şimyiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| -yim | |||
| {{font color|green|''ce'''yim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| -yiyiv | |||
| {{font color|green|''ce'''yimyiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| vo- -yim | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ce'''yim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| vo- -yimyiv | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ce'''yimyiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| -y | |||
| ''cá'''y''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| vu- -y | |||
| '''''vu'''cá'''y''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| -yeye | |||
| {{font color|green|''ce'''yeye'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| vo- -yeye | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ce'''yeye'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| -yevi | |||
| {{font color|green|''ce'''yevi'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| vo- -yevi | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ce'''yevi'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| -yeme | |||
| {{font color|green|''ce'''yeme'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| vo- -yeme | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ce'''yeme'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| -yeyivvi | |||
| {{font color|green|''ce'''yeyivvi'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| vo- -yeyivvi | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''ce'''yeyivvi'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress. | |||
=====Class I c===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>ACT.IND</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>ACT.INFR</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>MPAS.IND</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>MPAS.INFR</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| - | |||
| ''?'' | |||
| '?' | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| -yiv | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''yiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| vu- | |||
| '''''vu'''?'' | |||
| † | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| vo- -yiv | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''yiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| -ćim | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''ćim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| vo- -ćim | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''ćim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| -śim | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''śim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| -śimyiv | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''śimyiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| vo- -śim | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''śim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| vo- -śimyiv | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''śimyiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| -yim | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''yim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| -yiyiv | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''yimyiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| vo- -yim | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''yim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| vo- -yimyiv | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''yimyiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| -y | |||
| ''?'''y''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| vu- -y | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''y''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| -yeye | |||
| {{font color|green|''?''yeye'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| vo- -yeye | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''yeye'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| -yevi | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''yevi'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| vo- -yevi | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''yevi'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| -yeme | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''yeme'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| vo- -yeme | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''yeme'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| -yeyivvi | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''yeyivvi'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| vo- -yeyivvi | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''yeyivvi'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress. | |||
====Class II==== | |||
Class I verbs come from verbs historically ending in two closed syllables; such verbs are rare. Class II also feature stem-form alternation, indicated green text. | |||
=====Class II a===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>ACT.IND</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>ACT.INFR</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>MPAS.IND</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>MPAS.INFR</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| - | |||
| ''ijmun'' | |||
| 'speak' | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| -yuv | |||
| {{font color|green|''ijmon'''yuv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| vu- | |||
| '''''v'''ijmun'' | |||
| † | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| vo- -yuv | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''jmon'''yuv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| -kum | |||
| {{font color|green|''ijmon'''kum'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| vo- -kum | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''jmon'''kum'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| -şum | |||
| {{font color|green|''ijmon'''şum'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| -şomyuv | |||
| ''ijmun'''şomyuv''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| vo- -şum | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''jmon'''şum'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| vu- -şomyuv | |||
| '''''v'''ijmun'''şomyuv''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| -num | |||
| {{font color|green|''ijmon'''num'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| -nomyuv | |||
| ''ijmun'''nomyuv''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| vo- -num | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''jmon'''num'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| vu- -nomyuv | |||
| '''''v'''ijmun'''nomyuv''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| -e | |||
| ''ijmun'''e''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| vu- -e | |||
| '''''v'''ijmun'''e''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| -eye | |||
| ''ijmun'''eye''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| vu- -eye | |||
| '''''v'''ijmun'''eye''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| -evi | |||
| ''ijmun'''evi''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| vu- -evi | |||
| '''''v'''ijmun'''evi''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| -eme | |||
| ''ijmun'''eme''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| vu- -eme | |||
| '''''v'''ijmun'''eme''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| -eyuvvi | |||
| ''ijmun'''eyuvvi''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| vu- -eyuvvi | |||
| '''''v'''ijmun'''eyuvvi''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress. | |||
=====Class II b===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>ACT.IND</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>ACT.INFR</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>MPAS.IND</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>MPAS.INFR</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| - | |||
| ''?'' | |||
| '?' | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| -yiv | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''yiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| vu- | |||
| '''''vu'''?'' | |||
| † | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| vo- -yiv | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''yiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| -kim | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''kim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| vo- -kim | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''kim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| -şim | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''şim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| -şimyiv | |||
| ''?'''şimyiv''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| vo- -şim | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''şim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| vu- -şimyiv | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''şimyiv''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| -nim | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''nim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| -nimyiv | |||
| ''?'''nimyiv''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| vo- -nim | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''nim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| vu- -nimyiv | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''nimyiv''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| -e | |||
| ''?'''e''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| vu- -e | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''e''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| -eye | |||
| ''?'''eye''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| vu- -eye | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''eye''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| -evi | |||
| ''?'''evi''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| vu- -evi | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''evi''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| -eme | |||
| ''?'''eme''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| vu- -eme | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''eme''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| -eyivvi | |||
| ''?'''eyivvi''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| vu- -eyuvvi | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''eyivvi''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress. | |||
=====Class II c===== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>ACT.IND</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>ACT.INFR</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>MPAS.IND</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
! style="width: 68px; "|<small>MPAS.INFR</small> | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Affix | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Example | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Notes | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| - | |||
| ''?'' | |||
| '?' | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| -yiv | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''yiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| vu- | |||
| '''''vu'''?'' | |||
| † | |||
! style="" |<small>PRES</small> | |||
| vo- -yiv | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''yiv'''''}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| -ćim | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''ćim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| vo- -ćim | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''ćim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>FUT</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| -śim | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''śim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| -śimyiv | |||
| ''?'''śimyiv''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| vo- -śim | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''śim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.PFV</small> | |||
| vu- -śimyiv | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''śimyiv''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| -ńim | |||
| {{font color|green|''?'''ńim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| -ńimyiv | |||
| ''?'''ńimyiv''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| vo- -ńim | |||
| {{font color|green|'''''vo'''?'''ńim'''''}} | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>PST.IPFV</small> | |||
| vu- -ńimyiv | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''ńimyiv''''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| -e | |||
| ''?'''e''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| vu- -e | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''e''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>GER</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| -eye | |||
| ''?'''eye''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| vu- -eye | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''eye''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| -evi | |||
| ''?'''evi''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| vu- -evi | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''evi''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.IPFV</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| -eme | |||
| ''?'''eme''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| vu- -eme | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''eme''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.PURP</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| -eyivvi | |||
| ''?'''eyivvi''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| vu- -eyuvvi | |||
| '''''vu'''?'''eyivvi''''' | |||
| | |||
! style="" |<small>CVB.COND</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress. | |||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Line 196: | Line 1,624: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 0 - ''mo'' || 10 - '' | | 0 - ''mo'' {{cs|JZG|mo}} || 10 - ''qom'' {{cs|JZG|qom}} || 20 - ''sqon'' {{cs|JZG|sqon}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 - ''śi'' || 11 - '' | | 1 - ''śi'' {{cs|JZG|ši}} || 11 - ''ceğ'' {{cs|JZG|þeğ}} || 30 - ''máceqom'' {{cs|JZG|mæþeqom}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 - '' | | 2 - ''cśim'' {{cs|JZG|þšim}} || 12 - ''muviğ'' {{cs|JZG|muviğ}} || 40 - ''ćiyqom'' {{cs|JZG|ťiyqom}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3 - '' | | 3 - ''máce'' {{cs|JZG|mæþe}} || 13 - ''qid'' {{cs|JZG|qid}} || 50 - ''cek'' {{cs|JZG|þek}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4 - '' | | 4 - ''ćić'' {{cs|JZG|ťiť}} || 14 - ''one'' {{cs|JZG|one}} || 60 - ''vikqom'' {{cs|JZG|vikqom}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5 - '' | | 5 - ''sáv'' {{cs|JZG|sæv}} || 15 - ''ice'' {{cs|JZG|iþe}} || 70 - ''ińqom'' {{cs|JZG|iňqom}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 - ''vik'' || 16 - '' | | 6 - ''vik'' {{cs|JZG|vik}} || 16 - ''nádu'' {{cs|JZG|nædu}} || 80 - ''yáseqom'' {{cs|JZG|yæseqom}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7 - ''iń'' || 17 - '' | | 7 - ''iń'' {{cs|JZG|iň}} || 17 - ''śqoce'' {{cs|JZG|šqoþe}} || 90 - ''yecqum'' {{cs|JZG|yeþqum}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 8 - '' | | 8 - ''yáse'' {{cs|JZG|yæse}} || 18 - ''kán'' {{cs|JZG|kæn}} || 100 - ''táne'' {{cs|JZG|tæne}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 9 - '' | | 9 - ''yec'' {{cs|JZG|yeþ}} || 19 - ''myğon'' {{cs|JZG|myğon}} || 1000 - ''ćeye'' {{cs|JZG|ťeye}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 220: | Line 1,648: | ||
<!-- How is the language written? What literature is there written in the language? --> | <!-- How is the language written? What literature is there written in the language? --> | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Aramani language]] [[Category:Eastern Vaniuan languages]] [[Category:Zhumuo]] |
Latest revision as of 00:40, 19 May 2024
Aramani | |
---|---|
Orumoli Orumoli | |
Pronunciation | /oruˈmoli/ |
Ethnicity | Aramani |
Language family | Ryamaian
|
Early forms: | Proto-Vaniuan
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Araman |
CWS code | – |
Aramani is the official language of the Grand Duchy of Araman.
Classification
History
Phonology
Phonemes
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
Voiceless Plosive | t | k | |||
Voiced Plosive | b | d | ɡ | ||
Voiceless Affricate | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | t͡ɕ | ||
Voiced Affricate | d͡z | ɖ͡ʐ | d͡ʑ | ||
Voiceless Fricative | s | ʂ | ɕ | x | |
Voiced Fricative | v | z | ʐ | ʑ | |
Approximant | l | r | j | ɰ |
- /dz/, /ʈʂ/, and /ɖʐ/ are marginal phonemes, often acting as consonant clusters
- /b/ and /v/ have voiceless allophones [p] and [f], respectively, when
preceded by voiceless obstruents; this voicing assimilation is true for other obstruents as well, but is phonemic. /p/ and /f/ may also be found in recent loan words.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | ɘ | o | |
Open | ɛ | ɑ |
- /ɘ/ has a wide range of phonetic realizations and is most commonly [ɪ]
following palatal consonants
- /ɑ/ may be back [ɑ] or central [ä].
Phonotactics
Orthogrophy
Letter | Name | IPA | Transliteration |
---|---|---|---|
L l | le le | /l/ | l |
B b | be be | /b/ | b |
V v | ve ve | /v/ | v |
S s | se se | /s/ | s |
Š š | še śe | /ɕ/ | ś |
Z z | ze ze | /z/ | z |
Ž ž | že źe | /ʑ/ | ź |
D d | de de | /d/ | d |
Ď ď | ďe dźe | /d͡ʑ/ | dź |
T t | te te | /t/ | t |
Ť ť | ťe će | /t͡ɕ/ | ć |
R r | re re | /r/ | r |
K k | ke ke | /k/ | k |
G g | ge ge | /g/ | g |
M m | me me | /m/ | m |
J j | je je | /ʐ/ | j |
C c | ce şe | /ʂ/ | ş |
Þ þ | þe ce | /t͡s/ | c |
Q q | qe qe | /x/ | q |
Ğ ğ | ğe ğe | /ɰ/ | ğ |
N n | ne ne | /n/ | n |
Ň ň | ňe ńe | /ɲ/ | ń |
Y y | ye ye | /j/ | y |
Æ æ | æ á | /ɛ/ | á |
A a | a a | /ɑ/ | a |
I i | i i | /i/ | i |
E e | e e | /ɘ, ɛ/ | e |
O o | o o | /o/ | o |
U u | u u | /u/ | u |
Morphology and syntax
Nominals
Aramani nouns decline for case, but not number. The six cases are:
- The Direct Case (DIR): used for the subjects of intransitive verbs and both the agents and patients of transitive verbs; this is the most basic case and is the dictionary form
- The Genitive Case (GEN): used for possessors and to show other relationships
- The Dative Case (DAT): used for indirect objects and beneficiaries
- The Locative Case (LOC): used for locations and states (e.g. 'in,' 'on,' or 'at')
- The Instrumental Case (INSTR): used for the means or instrument by which an action is done (e.g. 'with,' 'using,' or 'by means of')
- The Comitative Case (COM): used for additional accompanying arguments (e.g. '(together) with,' 'in addition to,' or 'and')
Nouns also fall into one of three paradigms: Even, Odd, or Mutating.
Even Nouns
Even nouns are named for their stress which falls on an even numbered syllable counting backwards with zero being the final syllable (ultimately stressed nouns count as even). However, this stress may be historical, and the modern stress may fall on an odd syllable. Even nouns decline with the following endings:
Case | Ending | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
DIR | - | vuyin | 'family' |
GEN | -i | vuyini | -y after a vowel |
DAT | -me | vuyinme | |
LOC | -vi | vuyinvi | |
INSTR | -ye | vuyinye | |
COM | -ci | vuyinci |
Odd Nouns
Similar to even nouns, odd nouns are named for their stress which falls on an odd numbered syllable counting backwards with zero being the final syllable. However, this stress may be historical, and the modern stress may fall on an even syllable. Odd nouns decline with the following endings:
Case | Ending | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
DIR | - | yokve | 'hand' |
GEN | -e | yokvo | -o takes place of a final vowel |
DAT | -má | yokvemá | |
LOC | -ve | yokveve | |
INSTR | -ya | yokveya | |
COM | -ce | yokvece |
Mutating Nouns
Mutating nouns follow same declension patterns as even nouns but are notable for a change in stem for the non-direct cases. This secondary stem can often be predicted, but not always. Most mutating nouns were historically penultimately stressed nouns ending in -VCV.
Case | Ending | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
DIR | - | moşe | 'mother' |
GEN | -i | muşáy | -y after a vowel |
DAT | -me | muşáme | |
LOC | -vi | muşávi | |
INSTR | -ye | muşáye | |
COM | -ci | muşáci |
Pronominals
Aramani pronouns decline similarly to nouns; however, instead of the direct case there are the nominative and accusative cases.
- The Nominative Case (NOM): used for the subjects of intransitive verbs and the agents of transitive verbs
- The Accusative Case (ACC): used for the patients of transitive verbs
Below are the declensions of the four basic personal pronouns – first person singular (1S ‘I’), first person plural (1P ‘we’), second person (2 ‘you/you all’), and third person (3 ‘he/she/it/they’) – as well as the interrogative pronoun (INTERR ‘who/what’)
1S | 1P | 2 | 3 | INTERR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NOM | do | mir | je | oy | koy |
ACC | con | mon | jon | ren | kren |
GEN | liğ | reğ | ja | oğ | zoğ |
DAT | yen | miren | já | orme | korme |
LOC | ? | ? | ? | ? | zoy |
INSTR/COM | cone | min | ojne | ran | kran |
Colloquially, the genitive pronouns cliticize to the nouns they modify as shown below.
moşe,
mother,
moşe-l,
mother-1S.POSS,
moşe-m,
mother-1P.POSS,
moşe-j,
mother-2.POSS,
moşe-o
mother-3.POSS
'mother, my mother, our mother, your mother, his/her/its/their mother'
vuyin,
family,
vuyin-l,
family-1S.POSS,
vuyin-m,
family-1P.POSS,
vuyin-j,
family-2.POSS,
vuyin-o
family-3.POSS
'family, my family, our family, your family, his/her/its/their family'
şsir,
snake,
şsir-l,
snake-1S.POSS,
şsir-m,
snake-1P.POSS,
şsir-j,
snake-2.POSS,
şsir-o
snake-3.POSS
'snake, my snake, our snake, your snake, his/her/its/their snake'
log,
dog,
log-l,
dog-1S.POSS,
log-m,
dog-1P.POSS,
log-j,
dog-2.POSS,
log-o
dog-3.POSS
'dog, my dog, our dog, your dog, his/her/its/their dog'
These clitics may be used on top of noun cases. In formal instances, possessive clitics are seldom used.
djár-vi-l
honor-LOC-1S.POSS
'on my honor (colloquial)'
djár-vi
honor-LOC
liğ
1S.GEN
'on my honor (literary)'
Verbs
Aramani verbs conjugate for four "tenses" (which also include grammatical aspect):
- The Present Tense (PRES): used for current and on-going actions and states
- The Future Tense (FUT): used for future actions and states
- The Past Perfective Tense (PST.PFV): used for past actions and states occurring momentaneously
- The Past Imperfective Tense (PST.IPFV): used for past actions and states occurring continuously, repeatedly, or habitually
Verbs are also conjugated for two moods:
- The Indicative Mood (IND): used for known actions and states; this is the most basic mood
- The Inferential Mood (INFR): used for non-witnessed actions and states and is often used to express greater doubt toward the validity of the statement
Additionally, Aramani verbs are conjugated to mark valency:
- The Active Voice (ACT): used to show that the subject of the verb is its agent
- The Mediopassive Mood (MPAS): used to show that the subject of the verb is its patient or both its agent and patient
Aramani verbs also feature to gerunds – an active and a mediopassive – which may be used as participles. Furthermore, there are four converb (or adverbial participle) forms:
- The Perfective Converb (CNV.PFV): used for the meaning of 'due to/as a result of Xing' (X being the verb in question)
- The Imperfective Converb (CNV.IPFV): used for the meaning of 'while Xing'
- The Purposive Converb (CNV.PURP): used for the meaning of 'in order to X'
- The Conditional Converb (CNV.COND): used for the meaning of 'if Xing'
Class I
All verbs fall into one of five conjugation paradigms and one of three sub-paradigms. Class I verbs come from historically monosyllabic, open-syllable verbs and are thus on of the least common paradigms. Many of the paradigms – including Class I – also feature stem-form alternation, like mutating nouns. This is indicated below by green text.
Class I a
ACT.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | ACT.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRES | - | ya | 'throw' | PRES | -yov | yeyov | PRES | vu- | vuya | † | PRES | vo- -yov | voyeyov | ||
FUT | -kom | yekom | FUT | FUT | vo- -kom | voyekom | FUT | ||||||||
PST.PFV | -şom | yeşom | PST.PFV | -şomyuv | yeşomyuv | PST.PFV | vo- -şom | voyeşom | PST.PFV | vo- -şomyuv | voyeşomyuv | ||||
PST.IPFV | -yom | yeyom | PST.IPFV | -yomyuv | yeyomyuv | PST.IPFV | vo- -yom | voyeyom | PST.IPFV | vo- -yomyuv | voyeyomyuv | ||||
GER | -y | yay | GER | GER | vu- -y | vuyay | GER | ||||||||
CVB.PFV | -yeye | yeyeye | CVB.PFV | CVB.PFV | vo- -yeye | voyeyeye | CVB.PFV | ||||||||
CVB.IPFV | -yevi | yeyevi | CVB.IPFV | CVB.IPFV | vo- -yevi | voyeyevi | CVB.IPFV | ||||||||
CVB.PURP | -yeme | yeyeme | CVB.PURP | CVB.PURP | vo- -yeme | voyeyeme | CVB.PURP | ||||||||
CVB.COND | -yeyovvi | yeyeyovvi | CVB.COND | CVB.COND | vo- -yeyovvi | voyeyeyovvi | CVB.COND |
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress.
Class I b
ACT.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | ACT.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRES | - | cá | 'force into submission' | PRES | -yiv | ceyiv | PRES | vu- | vucá | † | PRES | vo- -yiv | voceyiv | ||
FUT | -kim | cekim | FUT | FUT | vo- -kim | vocekim | FUT | ||||||||
PST.PFV | -şim | ceşim | PST.PFV | -şimyiv | ceşimyiv | PST.PFV | vo- -şim | voceşim | PST.PFV | vo- -şimyiv | voceşimyiv | ||||
PST.IPFV | -yim | ceyim | PST.IPFV | -yiyiv | ceyimyiv | PST.IPFV | vo- -yim | voceyim | PST.IPFV | vo- -yimyiv | voceyimyiv | ||||
GER | -y | cáy | GER | GER | vu- -y | vucáy | GER | ||||||||
CVB.PFV | -yeye | ceyeye | CVB.PFV | CVB.PFV | vo- -yeye | voceyeye | CVB.PFV | ||||||||
CVB.IPFV | -yevi | ceyevi | CVB.IPFV | CVB.IPFV | vo- -yevi | voceyevi | CVB.IPFV | ||||||||
CVB.PURP | -yeme | ceyeme | CVB.PURP | CVB.PURP | vo- -yeme | voceyeme | CVB.PURP | ||||||||
CVB.COND | -yeyivvi | ceyeyivvi | CVB.COND | CVB.COND | vo- -yeyivvi | voceyeyivvi | CVB.COND |
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress.
Class I c
ACT.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | ACT.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRES | - | ? | '?' | PRES | -yiv | ?yiv | PRES | vu- | vu? | † | PRES | vo- -yiv | vo?yiv | ||
FUT | -ćim | ?ćim | FUT | FUT | vo- -ćim | vo?ćim | FUT | ||||||||
PST.PFV | -śim | ?śim | PST.PFV | -śimyiv | ?śimyiv | PST.PFV | vo- -śim | vo?śim | PST.PFV | vo- -śimyiv | vo?śimyiv | ||||
PST.IPFV | -yim | ?yim | PST.IPFV | -yiyiv | ?yimyiv | PST.IPFV | vo- -yim | vo?yim | PST.IPFV | vo- -yimyiv | vo?yimyiv | ||||
GER | -y | ?y | GER | GER | vu- -y | vu?y | GER | ||||||||
CVB.PFV | -yeye | ?yeye | CVB.PFV | CVB.PFV | vo- -yeye | vo?yeye | CVB.PFV | ||||||||
CVB.IPFV | -yevi | ?yevi | CVB.IPFV | CVB.IPFV | vo- -yevi | vo?yevi | CVB.IPFV | ||||||||
CVB.PURP | -yeme | ?yeme | CVB.PURP | CVB.PURP | vo- -yeme | vo?yeme | CVB.PURP | ||||||||
CVB.COND | -yeyivvi | ?yeyivvi | CVB.COND | CVB.COND | vo- -yeyivvi | vo?yeyivvi | CVB.COND |
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress.
Class II
Class I verbs come from verbs historically ending in two closed syllables; such verbs are rare. Class II also feature stem-form alternation, indicated green text.
Class II a
ACT.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | ACT.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRES | - | ijmun | 'speak' | PRES | -yuv | ijmonyuv | PRES | vu- | vijmun | † | PRES | vo- -yuv | vojmonyuv | ||
FUT | -kum | ijmonkum | FUT | FUT | vo- -kum | vojmonkum | FUT | ||||||||
PST.PFV | -şum | ijmonşum | PST.PFV | -şomyuv | ijmunşomyuv | PST.PFV | vo- -şum | vojmonşum | PST.PFV | vu- -şomyuv | vijmunşomyuv | ||||
PST.IPFV | -num | ijmonnum | PST.IPFV | -nomyuv | ijmunnomyuv | PST.IPFV | vo- -num | vojmonnum | PST.IPFV | vu- -nomyuv | vijmunnomyuv | ||||
GER | -e | ijmune | GER | GER | vu- -e | vijmune | GER | ||||||||
CVB.PFV | -eye | ijmuneye | CVB.PFV | CVB.PFV | vu- -eye | vijmuneye | CVB.PFV | ||||||||
CVB.IPFV | -evi | ijmunevi | CVB.IPFV | CVB.IPFV | vu- -evi | vijmunevi | CVB.IPFV | ||||||||
CVB.PURP | -eme | ijmuneme | CVB.PURP | CVB.PURP | vu- -eme | vijmuneme | CVB.PURP | ||||||||
CVB.COND | -eyuvvi | ijmuneyuvvi | CVB.COND | CVB.COND | vu- -eyuvvi | vijmuneyuvvi | CVB.COND |
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress.
Class II b
ACT.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | ACT.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRES | - | ? | '?' | PRES | -yiv | ?yiv | PRES | vu- | vu? | † | PRES | vo- -yiv | vo?yiv | ||
FUT | -kim | ?kim | FUT | FUT | vo- -kim | vo?kim | FUT | ||||||||
PST.PFV | -şim | ?şim | PST.PFV | -şimyiv | ?şimyiv | PST.PFV | vo- -şim | vo?şim | PST.PFV | vu- -şimyiv | vu?şimyiv | ||||
PST.IPFV | -nim | ?nim | PST.IPFV | -nimyiv | ?nimyiv | PST.IPFV | vo- -nim | vo?nim | PST.IPFV | vu- -nimyiv | vu?nimyiv | ||||
GER | -e | ?e | GER | GER | vu- -e | vu?e | GER | ||||||||
CVB.PFV | -eye | ?eye | CVB.PFV | CVB.PFV | vu- -eye | vu?eye | CVB.PFV | ||||||||
CVB.IPFV | -evi | ?evi | CVB.IPFV | CVB.IPFV | vu- -evi | vu?evi | CVB.IPFV | ||||||||
CVB.PURP | -eme | ?eme | CVB.PURP | CVB.PURP | vu- -eme | vu?eme | CVB.PURP | ||||||||
CVB.COND | -eyivvi | ?eyivvi | CVB.COND | CVB.COND | vu- -eyuvvi | vu?eyivvi | CVB.COND |
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress.
Class II c
ACT.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | ACT.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRES | - | ? | '?' | PRES | -yiv | ?yiv | PRES | vu- | vu? | † | PRES | vo- -yiv | vo?yiv | ||
FUT | -ćim | ?ćim | FUT | FUT | vo- -ćim | vo?ćim | FUT | ||||||||
PST.PFV | -śim | ?śim | PST.PFV | -śimyiv | ?śimyiv | PST.PFV | vo- -śim | vo?śim | PST.PFV | vu- -śimyiv | vu?śimyiv | ||||
PST.IPFV | -ńim | ?ńim | PST.IPFV | -ńimyiv | ?ńimyiv | PST.IPFV | vo- -ńim | vo?ńim | PST.IPFV | vu- -ńimyiv | vu?ńimyiv | ||||
GER | -e | ?e | GER | GER | vu- -e | vu?e | GER | ||||||||
CVB.PFV | -eye | ?eye | CVB.PFV | CVB.PFV | vu- -eye | vu?eye | CVB.PFV | ||||||||
CVB.IPFV | -evi | ?evi | CVB.IPFV | CVB.IPFV | vu- -evi | vu?evi | CVB.IPFV | ||||||||
CVB.PURP | -eme | ?eme | CVB.PURP | CVB.PURP | vu- -eme | vu?eme | CVB.PURP | ||||||||
CVB.COND | -eyivvi | ?eyivvi | CVB.COND | CVB.COND | vu- -eyuvvi | vu?eyivvi | CVB.COND |
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress.
Vocabulary
Numbers
0 - mo mo | 10 - qom qom | 20 - sqon sqon |
1 - śi ši | 11 - ceğ þeğ | 30 - máceqom mæþeqom |
2 - cśim þšim | 12 - muviğ muviğ | 40 - ćiyqom ťiyqom |
3 - máce mæþe | 13 - qid qid | 50 - cek þek |
4 - ćić ťiť | 14 - one one | 60 - vikqom vikqom |
5 - sáv sæv | 15 - ice iþe | 70 - ińqom iňqom |
6 - vik vik | 16 - nádu nædu | 80 - yáseqom yæseqom |
7 - iń iň | 17 - śqoce šqoþe | 90 - yecqum yeþqum |
8 - yáse yæse | 18 - kán kæn | 100 - táne tæne |
9 - yec yeþ | 19 - myğon myğon | 1000 - ćeye ťeye |