Difference between revisions of "Aramani language"

Aramani
	Orumoli Orumoli
Pronunciation	/oruˈmoli/
Ethnicity	Aramani
Language family	Ryamaian Vaniuan East Vaniuan Aramani; ; ;
Early forms:	Proto-Vaniuan Proto-Eastern Vaniuan Kalkali Aramani; ; ;
Official status
Official language in	Araman
CWS code	–

Latest revision as of 00:40, 19 May 2024

Aramani is the official language of the Grand Duchy of Araman.

Classification

History

Phonology

Phonemes

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m	n		ɲ
Voiceless Plosive		t			k
Voiced Plosive	b	d			ɡ
Voiceless Affricate		t͡s	ʈ͡ʂ	t͡ɕ
Voiced Affricate		d͡z	ɖ͡ʐ	d͡ʑ
Voiceless Fricative		s	ʂ	ɕ	x
Voiced Fricative	v	z	ʐ	ʑ
Approximant		l	r	j	ɰ

/dz/, /ʈʂ/, and /ɖʐ/ are marginal phonemes, often acting as consonant clusters
/b/ and /v/ have voiceless allophones [p] and [f], respectively, when

preceded by voiceless obstruents; this voicing assimilation is true for other obstruents as well, but is phonemic. /p/ and /f/ may also be found in recent loan words.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid		ɘ	o
Open	ɛ		ɑ

/ɘ/ has a wide range of phonetic realizations and is most commonly [ɪ]

following palatal consonants

/ɑ/ may be back [ɑ] or central [ä].

Phonotactics

Orthogrophy

Letter	Name	IPA	Transliteration
L l	le le	/l/	l
B b	be be	/b/	b
V v	ve ve	/v/	v
S s	se se	/s/	s
Š š	še śe	/ɕ/	ś
Z z	ze ze	/z/	z
Ž ž	že źe	/ʑ/	ź
D d	de de	/d/	d
Ď ď	ďe dźe	/d͡ʑ/	dź
T t	te te	/t/	t
Ť ť	ťe će	/t͡ɕ/	ć
R r	re re	/r/	r
K k	ke ke	/k/	k
G g	ge ge	/g/	g
M m	me me	/m/	m
J j	je je	/ʐ/	j
C c	ce şe	/ʂ/	ş
Þ þ	þe ce	/t͡s/	c
Q q	qe qe	/x/	q
Ğ ğ	ğe ğe	/ɰ/	ğ
N n	ne ne	/n/	n
Ň ň	ňe ńe	/ɲ/	ń
Y y	ye ye	/j/	y
Æ æ	æ á	/ɛ/	á
A a	a a	/ɑ/	a
I i	i i	/i/	i
E e	e e	/ɘ, ɛ/	e
O o	o o	/o/	o
U u	u u	/u/	u

Morphology and syntax

Nominals

Aramani nouns decline for case, but not number. The six cases are:

The Direct Case (DIR): used for the subjects of intransitive verbs and both the agents and patients of transitive verbs; this is the most basic case and is the dictionary form
The Genitive Case (GEN): used for possessors and to show other relationships
The Dative Case (DAT): used for indirect objects and beneficiaries
The Locative Case (LOC): used for locations and states (e.g. 'in,' 'on,' or 'at')
The Instrumental Case (INSTR): used for the means or instrument by which an action is done (e.g. 'with,' 'using,' or 'by means of')
The Comitative Case (COM): used for additional accompanying arguments (e.g. '(together) with,' 'in addition to,' or 'and')

Nouns also fall into one of three paradigms: Even, Odd, or Mutating.

Even Nouns

Even nouns are named for their stress which falls on an even numbered syllable counting backwards with zero being the final syllable (ultimately stressed nouns count as even). However, this stress may be historical, and the modern stress may fall on an odd syllable. Even nouns decline with the following endings:

Case	Ending	Example	Notes
DIR	-	vuyin	'family'
GEN	-i	vuyini	-y after a vowel
DAT	-me	vuyinme
LOC	-vi	vuyinvi
INSTR	-ye	vuyinye
COM	-ci	vuyinci

Odd Nouns

Similar to even nouns, odd nouns are named for their stress which falls on an odd numbered syllable counting backwards with zero being the final syllable. However, this stress may be historical, and the modern stress may fall on an even syllable. Odd nouns decline with the following endings:

Case	Ending	Example	Notes
DIR	-	yokve	'hand'
GEN	-e	yokvo	-o takes place of a final vowel
DAT	-má	yokvemá
LOC	-ve	yokveve
INSTR	-ya	yokveya
COM	-ce	yokvece

Mutating Nouns

Mutating nouns follow same declension patterns as even nouns but are notable for a change in stem for the non-direct cases. This secondary stem can often be predicted, but not always. Most mutating nouns were historically penultimately stressed nouns ending in -VCV.

Case	Ending	Example	Notes
DIR	-	moşe	'mother'
GEN	-i	muşáy	-y after a vowel
DAT	-me	muşáme
LOC	-vi	muşávi
INSTR	-ye	muşáye
COM	-ci	muşáci

Pronominals

Aramani pronouns decline similarly to nouns; however, instead of the direct case there are the nominative and accusative cases.

The Nominative Case (NOM): used for the subjects of intransitive verbs and the agents of transitive verbs
The Accusative Case (ACC): used for the patients of transitive verbs

Below are the declensions of the four basic personal pronouns – first person singular (1S ‘I’), first person plural (1P ‘we’), second person (2 ‘you/you all’), and third person (3 ‘he/she/it/they’) – as well as the interrogative pronoun (INTERR ‘who/what’)

	1S	1P	2	3	INTERR
NOM	do	mir	je	oy	koy
ACC	con	mon	jon	ren	kren
GEN	liğ	reğ	ja	oğ	zoğ
DAT	yen	miren	já	orme	korme
LOC	?	?	?	?	zoy
INSTR/COM	cone	min	ojne	ran	kran

Colloquially, the genitive pronouns cliticize to the nouns they modify as shown below.

moşe, moşel, moşem, moşej, moşo

moşe,

mother,

moşe-l,

mother-1S.POSS,

moşe-m,

mother-1P.POSS,

moşe-j,

mother-2.POSS,

moşe-o

mother-3.POSS

'mother, my mother, our mother, your mother, his/her/its/their mother'

vuyin, vuyinel, vuyinm, vuyinj, vuyino

vuyin,

family,

vuyin-l,

family-1S.POSS,

vuyin-m,

family-1P.POSS,

vuyin-j,

family-2.POSS,

vuyin-o

family-3.POSS

'family, my family, our family, your family, his/her/its/their family'

şşir, şşirel, şşirm, şşirj, şşiro

şsir,

snake,

şsir-l,

snake-1S.POSS,

şsir-m,

snake-1P.POSS,

şsir-j,

snake-2.POSS,

şsir-o

snake-3.POSS

'snake, my snake, our snake, your snake, his/her/its/their snake'

log, logel, logem, logj, logo

log,

dog,

log-l,

dog-1S.POSS,

log-m,

dog-1P.POSS,

log-j,

dog-2.POSS,

log-o

dog-3.POSS

'dog, my dog, our dog, your dog, his/her/its/their dog'

These clitics may be used on top of noun cases. In formal instances, possessive clitics are seldom used.

djárvil

djár-vi-l

honor-LOC-1S.POSS

'on my honor (colloquial)'

djárvi liğ

djár-vi

honor-LOC

liğ

1S.GEN

'on my honor (literary)'

Verbs

Aramani verbs conjugate for four "tenses" (which also include grammatical aspect):

The Present Tense (PRES): used for current and on-going actions and states
The Future Tense (FUT): used for future actions and states
The Past Perfective Tense (PST.PFV): used for past actions and states occurring momentaneously
The Past Imperfective Tense (PST.IPFV): used for past actions and states occurring continuously, repeatedly, or habitually

Verbs are also conjugated for two moods:

The Indicative Mood (IND): used for known actions and states; this is the most basic mood
The Inferential Mood (INFR): used for non-witnessed actions and states and is often used to express greater doubt toward the validity of the statement

Additionally, Aramani verbs are conjugated to mark valency:

The Active Voice (ACT): used to show that the subject of the verb is its agent
The Mediopassive Mood (MPAS): used to show that the subject of the verb is its patient or both its agent and patient

Aramani verbs also feature to gerunds – an active and a mediopassive – which may be used as participles. Furthermore, there are four converb (or adverbial participle) forms:

The Perfective Converb (CNV.PFV): used for the meaning of 'due to/as a result of Xing' (X being the verb in question)
The Imperfective Converb (CNV.IPFV): used for the meaning of 'while Xing'
The Purposive Converb (CNV.PURP): used for the meaning of 'in order to X'
The Conditional Converb (CNV.COND): used for the meaning of 'if Xing'

Class I

All verbs fall into one of five conjugation paradigms and one of three sub-paradigms. Class I verbs come from historically monosyllabic, open-syllable verbs and are thus on of the least common paradigms. Many of the paradigms – including Class I – also feature stem-form alternation, like mutating nouns. This is indicated below by green text.