Aramani language
Aramani | |
---|---|
Orumoli Orumoli | |
Pronunciation | /oruˈmoli/ |
Ethnicity | Aramani |
Language family | Ryamaian
|
Early forms: | Proto-Vaniuan
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Araman |
CWS code | – |
Aramani is the official language of the Grand Duchy of Araman.
Classification
History
Phonology
Phonemes
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
Voiceless Plosive | t | k | |||
Voiced Plosive | b | d | ɡ | ||
Voiceless Affricate | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | t͡ɕ | ||
Voiced Affricate | d͡z | ɖ͡ʐ | d͡ʑ | ||
Voiceless Fricative | s | ʂ | ɕ | x | |
Voiced Fricative | v | z | ʐ | ʑ | |
Approximant | l | r | j | ɰ |
- /dz/, /ʈʂ/, and /ɖʐ/ are marginal phonemes, often acting as consonant clusters
- /b/ and /v/ have voiceless allophones [p] and [f], respectively, when
preceded by voiceless obstruents; this voicing assimilation is true for other obstruents as well, but is phonemic. /p/ and /f/ may also be found in recent loan words.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | ɘ | o | |
Open | ɛ | ɑ |
- /ɘ/ has a wide range of phonetic realizations and is most commonly [ɪ]
following palatal consonants
- /ɑ/ may be back [ɑ] or central [ä].
Phonotactics
Orthogrophy
Letter | Name | IPA | Transliteration |
---|---|---|---|
L l | le le | /l/ | l |
B b | be be | /b/ | b |
V v | ve ve | /v/ | v |
S s | se se | /s/ | s |
Š š | še śe | /ɕ/ | ś |
Z z | ze ze | /z/ | z |
Ž ž | že źe | /ʑ/ | ź |
D d | de de | /d/ | d |
Ď ď | ďe dźe | /d͡ʑ/ | dź |
T t | te te | /t/ | t |
Ť ť | ťe će | /t͡ɕ/ | ć |
R r | re re | /r/ | r |
K k | ke ke | /k/ | k |
G g | ge ge | /g/ | g |
M m | me me | /m/ | m |
J j | je je | /ʐ/ | j |
C c | ce şe | /ʂ/ | ş |
Þ þ | þe ce | /t͡s/ | c |
Q q | qe qe | /x/ | q |
Ğ ğ | ğe ğe | /ɰ/ | ğ |
N n | ne ne | /n/ | n |
Ň ň | ňe ńe | /ɲ/ | ń |
Y y | ye ye | /j/ | y |
Æ æ | æ á | /ɛ/ | á |
A a | a a | /ɑ/ | a |
I i | i i | /i/ | i |
E e | e e | /ɘ, ɛ/ | e |
O o | o o | /o/ | o |
U u | u u | /u/ | u |
Morphology and syntax
Nominals
Aramani nouns decline for case, but not number. The six cases are:
- The Direct Case (DIR): used for the subjects of intransitive verbs and both the agents and patients of transitive verbs; this is the most basic case and is the dictionary form
- The Genitive Case (GEN): used for possessors and to show other relationships
- The Dative Case (DAT): used for indirect objects and beneficiaries
- The Locative Case (LOC): used for locations and states (e.g. 'in,' 'on,' or 'at')
- The Instrumental Case (INSTR): used for the means or instrument by which an action is done (e.g. 'with,' 'using,' or 'by means of')
- The Comitative Case (COM): used for additional accompanying arguments (e.g. '(together) with,' 'in addition to,' or 'and')
Nouns also fall into one of three paradigms: Even, Odd, or Mutating.
Even Nouns
Even nouns are named for their stress which falls on an even numbered syllable counting backwards with zero being the final syllable (ultimately stressed nouns count as even). However, this stress may be historical, and the modern stress may fall on an odd syllable. Even nouns decline with the following endings:
Case | Ending | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
DIR | - | vuyin | 'family' |
GEN | -i | vuyini | -y after a vowel |
DAT | -me | vuyinme | |
LOC | -vi | vuyinvi | |
INSTR | -ye | vuyinye | |
COM | -ci | vuyinci |
Odd Nouns
Similar to even nouns, odd nouns are named for their stress which falls on an odd numbered syllable counting backwards with zero being the final syllable. However, this stress may be historical, and the modern stress may fall on an even syllable. Odd nouns decline with the following endings:
Case | Ending | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
DIR | - | yokve | 'hand' |
GEN | -e | yokvo | -o takes place of a final vowel |
DAT | -má | yokvemá | |
LOC | -ve | yokveve | |
INSTR | -ya | yokveya | |
COM | -ce | yokvece |
Mutating Nouns
Mutating nouns follow same declension patterns as even nouns but are notable for a change in stem for the non-direct cases. This secondary stem can often be predicted, but not always. Most mutating nouns were historically penultimately stressed nouns ending in -VCV.
Case | Ending | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
DIR | - | moşe | 'mother' |
GEN | -i | muşáy | -y after a vowel |
DAT | -me | muşáme | |
LOC | -vi | muşávi | |
INSTR | -ye | muşáye | |
COM | -ci | muşáci |
Pronominals
Aramani pronouns decline similarly to nouns; however, instead of the direct case there are the nominative and accusative cases.
- The Nominative Case (NOM): used for the subjects of intransitive verbs and the agents of transitive verbs
- The Accusative Case (ACC): used for the patients of transitive verbs
Below are the declensions of the four basic personal pronouns – first person singular (1S ‘I’), first person plural (1P ‘we’), second person (2 ‘you/you all’), and third person (3 ‘he/she/it/they’) – as well as the interrogative pronoun (INTERR ‘who/what’)
1S | 1P | 2 | 3 | INTERR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NOM | do | mir | je | oy | koy |
ACC | con | mon | jon | ren | kren |
GEN | liğ | reğ | ja | oğ | zoğ |
DAT | yen | miren | já | orme | korme |
LOC | ? | ? | ? | ? | zoy |
INSTR/COM | cone | min | ojne | ran | kran |
Colloquially, the genitive pronouns cliticize to the nouns they modify as shown below.
moşe,
mother,
moşe-l,
mother-1S.POSS,
moşe-m,
mother-1P.POSS,
moşe-j,
mother-2.POSS,
moşe-o
mother-3.POSS
'mother, my mother, our mother, your mother, his/her/its/their mother'
vuyin,
family,
vuyin-l,
family-1S.POSS,
vuyin-m,
family-1P.POSS,
vuyin-j,
family-2.POSS,
vuyin-o
family-3.POSS
'family, my family, our family, your family, his/her/its/their family'
şsir,
snake,
şsir-l,
snake-1S.POSS,
şsir-m,
snake-1P.POSS,
şsir-j,
snake-2.POSS,
şsir-o
snake-3.POSS
'snake, my snake, our snake, your snake, his/her/its/their snake'
log,
dog,
log-l,
dog-1S.POSS,
log-m,
dog-1P.POSS,
log-j,
dog-2.POSS,
log-o
dog-3.POSS
'dog, my dog, our dog, your dog, his/her/its/their dog'
These clitics may be used on top of noun cases. In formal instances, possessive clitics are seldom used.
djár-vi-l
honor-LOC-1S.POSS
'on my honor (colloquial)'
djár-vi
honor-LOC
liğ
1S.GEN
'on my honor (literary)'
Verbs
Aramani verbs conjugate for four "tenses" (which also include grammatical aspect):
- The Present Tense (PRES): used for current and on-going actions and states
- The Future Tense (FUT): used for future actions and states
- The Past Perfective Tense (PST.PFV): used for past actions and states occurring momentaneously
- The Past Imperfective Tense (PST.IPFV): used for past actions and states occurring continuously, repeatedly, or habitually
Verbs are also conjugated for two moods:
- The Indicative Mood (IND): used for known actions and states; this is the most basic mood
- The Inferential Mood (INFR): used for non-witnessed actions and states and is often used to express greater doubt toward the validity of the statement
Additionally, Aramani verbs are conjugated to mark valency:
- The Active Voice (ACT): used to show that the subject of the verb is its agent
- The Mediopassive Mood (MPAS): used to show that the subject of the verb is its patient or both its agent and patient
Aramani verbs also feature to gerunds – an active and a mediopassive – which may be used as participles. Furthermore, there are four converb (or adverbial participle) forms:
- The Perfective Converb (CNV.PFV): used for the meaning of 'due to/as a result of Xing' (X being the verb in question)
- The Imperfective Converb (CNV.IPFV): used for the meaning of 'while Xing'
- The Purposive Converb (CNV.PURP): used for the meaning of 'in order to X'
- The Conditional Converb (CNV.COND): used for the meaning of 'if Xing'
Class I
All verbs fall into one of five conjugation paradigms and one of three sub-paradigms. Class I verbs come from historically monosyllabic, open-syllable verbs and are thus on of the least common paradigms. Many of the paradigms – including Class I – also feature stem-form alternation, like mutating nouns. This is indicated below by green text.
Class I a
ACT.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | ACT.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRES | - | ya | 'throw' | PRES | -yov | yeyov | PRES | vu- | vuya | † | PRES | vo- -yov | voyeyov | ||
FUT | -kom | yekom | FUT | FUT | vo- -kom | voyekom | FUT | ||||||||
PST.PFV | -şom | yeşom | PST.PFV | -şomyuv | yeşomyuv | PST.PFV | vo- -şom | voyeşom | PST.PFV | vo- -şomyuv | voyeşomyuv | ||||
PST.IPFV | -yom | yeyom | PST.IPFV | -yomyuv | yeyomyuv | PST.IPFV | vo- -yom | voyeyom | PST.IPFV | vo- -yomyuv | voyeyomyuv | ||||
GER | -y | yay | GER | GER | vu- -y | vuyay | GER | ||||||||
CVB.PFV | -yeye | yeyeye | CVB.PFV | CVB.PFV | vo- -yeye | voyeyeye | CVB.PFV | ||||||||
CVB.IPFV | -yevi | yeyevi | CVB.IPFV | CVB.IPFV | vo- -yevi | voyeyevi | CVB.IPFV | ||||||||
CVB.PURP | -yeme | yeyeme | CVB.PURP | CVB.PURP | vo- -yeme | voyeyeme | CVB.PURP | ||||||||
CVB.COND | -yeyovvi | yeyeyovvi | CVB.COND | CVB.COND | vo- -yeyovvi | voyeyeyovvi | CVB.COND |
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress.
Class I b
ACT.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | ACT.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRES | - | cá | 'force into submission' | PRES | -yiv | ceyiv | PRES | vu- | vucá | † | PRES | vo- -yiv | voceyiv | ||
FUT | -kim | cekim | FUT | FUT | vo- -kim | vocekim | FUT | ||||||||
PST.PFV | -şim | ceşim | PST.PFV | -şimyiv | ceşimyiv | PST.PFV | vo- -şim | voceşim | PST.PFV | vo- -şimyiv | voceşimyiv | ||||
PST.IPFV | -yim | ceyim | PST.IPFV | -yiyiv | ceyimyiv | PST.IPFV | vo- -yim | voceyim | PST.IPFV | vo- -yimyiv | voceyimyiv | ||||
GER | -y | cáy | GER | GER | vu- -y | vucáy | GER | ||||||||
CVB.PFV | -yeye | ceyeye | CVB.PFV | CVB.PFV | vo- -yeye | voceyeye | CVB.PFV | ||||||||
CVB.IPFV | -yevi | ceyevi | CVB.IPFV | CVB.IPFV | vo- -yevi | voceyevi | CVB.IPFV | ||||||||
CVB.PURP | -yeme | ceyeme | CVB.PURP | CVB.PURP | vo- -yeme | voceyeme | CVB.PURP | ||||||||
CVB.COND | -yeyivvi | ceyeyivvi | CVB.COND | CVB.COND | vo- -yeyivvi | voceyeyivvi | CVB.COND |
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress.
Class I c
ACT.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | ACT.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRES | - | ? | '?' | PRES | -yiv | ?yiv | PRES | vu- | vu? | † | PRES | vo- -yiv | vo?yiv | ||
FUT | -ćim | ?ćim | FUT | FUT | vo- -ćim | vo?ćim | FUT | ||||||||
PST.PFV | -śim | ?śim | PST.PFV | -śimyiv | ?śimyiv | PST.PFV | vo- -śim | vo?śim | PST.PFV | vo- -śimyiv | vo?śimyiv | ||||
PST.IPFV | -yim | ?yim | PST.IPFV | -yiyiv | ?yimyiv | PST.IPFV | vo- -yim | vo?yim | PST.IPFV | vo- -yimyiv | vo?yimyiv | ||||
GER | -y | ?y | GER | GER | vu- -y | vu?y | GER | ||||||||
CVB.PFV | -yeye | ?yeye | CVB.PFV | CVB.PFV | vo- -yeye | vo?yeye | CVB.PFV | ||||||||
CVB.IPFV | -yevi | ?yevi | CVB.IPFV | CVB.IPFV | vo- -yevi | vo?yevi | CVB.IPFV | ||||||||
CVB.PURP | -yeme | ?yeme | CVB.PURP | CVB.PURP | vo- -yeme | vo?yeme | CVB.PURP | ||||||||
CVB.COND | -yeyivvi | ?yeyivvi | CVB.COND | CVB.COND | vo- -yeyivvi | vo?yeyivvi | CVB.COND |
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress.
Class II
Class I verbs come from verbs historically ending in two closed syllables; such verbs are rare. Class II also feature stem-form alternation, indicated green text.
Class II a
ACT.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | ACT.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRES | - | ijmun | 'speak' | PRES | -yuv | ijmonyuv | PRES | vu- | vijmun | † | PRES | vo- -yuv | vojmonyuv | ||
FUT | -kum | ijmonkum | FUT | FUT | vo- -kum | vojmonkum | FUT | ||||||||
PST.PFV | -şum | ijmonşum | PST.PFV | -şomyuv | ijmunşomyuv | PST.PFV | vo- -şum | vojmonşum | PST.PFV | vu- -şomyuv | vijmunşomyuv | ||||
PST.IPFV | -num | ijmonnum | PST.IPFV | -nomyuv | ijmunnomyuv | PST.IPFV | vo- -num | vojmonnum | PST.IPFV | vu- -nomyuv | vijmunnomyuv | ||||
GER | -e | ijmune | GER | GER | vu- -e | vijmune | GER | ||||||||
CVB.PFV | -eye | ijmuneye | CVB.PFV | CVB.PFV | vu- -eye | vijmuneye | CVB.PFV | ||||||||
CVB.IPFV | -evi | ijmunevi | CVB.IPFV | CVB.IPFV | vu- -evi | vijmunevi | CVB.IPFV | ||||||||
CVB.PURP | -eme | ijmuneme | CVB.PURP | CVB.PURP | vu- -eme | vijmuneme | CVB.PURP | ||||||||
CVB.COND | -eyuvvi | ijmuneyuvvi | CVB.COND | CVB.COND | vu- -eyuvvi | vijmuneyuvvi | CVB.COND |
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress.
Class II b
ACT.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | ACT.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRES | - | ? | '?' | PRES | -yiv | ?yiv | PRES | vu- | vu? | † | PRES | vo- -yiv | vo?yiv | ||
FUT | -kim | ?kim | FUT | FUT | vo- -kim | vo?kim | FUT | ||||||||
PST.PFV | -şim | ?şim | PST.PFV | -şimyiv | ?şimyiv | PST.PFV | vo- -şim | vo?şim | PST.PFV | vu- -şimyiv | vu?şimyiv | ||||
PST.IPFV | -nim | ?nim | PST.IPFV | -nimyiv | ?nimyiv | PST.IPFV | vo- -nim | vo?nim | PST.IPFV | vu- -nimyiv | vu?nimyiv | ||||
GER | -e | ?e | GER | GER | vu- -e | vu?e | GER | ||||||||
CVB.PFV | -eye | ?eye | CVB.PFV | CVB.PFV | vu- -eye | vu?eye | CVB.PFV | ||||||||
CVB.IPFV | -evi | ?evi | CVB.IPFV | CVB.IPFV | vu- -evi | vu?evi | CVB.IPFV | ||||||||
CVB.PURP | -eme | ?eme | CVB.PURP | CVB.PURP | vu- -eme | vu?eme | CVB.PURP | ||||||||
CVB.COND | -eyivvi | ?eyivvi | CVB.COND | CVB.COND | vu- -eyuvvi | vu?eyivvi | CVB.COND |
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress.
Class II c
ACT.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | ACT.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.IND | Affix | Example | Notes | MPAS.INFR | Affix | Example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRES | - | ? | '?' | PRES | -yiv | ?yiv | PRES | vu- | vu? | † | PRES | vo- -yiv | vo?yiv | ||
FUT | -ćim | ?ćim | FUT | FUT | vo- -ćim | vo?ćim | FUT | ||||||||
PST.PFV | -śim | ?śim | PST.PFV | -śimyiv | ?śimyiv | PST.PFV | vo- -śim | vo?śim | PST.PFV | vu- -śimyiv | vu?śimyiv | ||||
PST.IPFV | -ńim | ?ńim | PST.IPFV | -ńimyiv | ?ńimyiv | PST.IPFV | vo- -ńim | vo?ńim | PST.IPFV | vu- -ńimyiv | vu?ńimyiv | ||||
GER | -e | ?e | GER | GER | vu- -e | vu?e | GER | ||||||||
CVB.PFV | -eye | ?eye | CVB.PFV | CVB.PFV | vu- -eye | vu?eye | CVB.PFV | ||||||||
CVB.IPFV | -evi | ?evi | CVB.IPFV | CVB.IPFV | vu- -evi | vu?evi | CVB.IPFV | ||||||||
CVB.PURP | -eme | ?eme | CVB.PURP | CVB.PURP | vu- -eme | vu?eme | CVB.PURP | ||||||||
CVB.COND | -eyivvi | ?eyivvi | CVB.COND | CVB.COND | vu- -eyuvvi | vu?eyivvi | CVB.COND |
† The mediopassive prefix has many forms; the form(s) for each word should be listed in the dictionary. Additionally, the prefix never carries the main stress.
Vocabulary
Numbers
0 - mo mo | 10 - qom qom | 20 - sqon sqon |
1 - śi ši | 11 - ceğ þeğ | 30 - máceqom mæþeqom |
2 - cśim þšim | 12 - muviğ muviğ | 40 - ćiyqom ťiyqom |
3 - máce mæþe | 13 - qid qid | 50 - cek þek |
4 - ćić ťiť | 14 - one one | 60 - vikqom vikqom |
5 - sáv sæv | 15 - ice iþe | 70 - ińqom iňqom |
6 - vik vik | 16 - nádu nædu | 80 - yáseqom yæseqom |
7 - iń iň | 17 - śqoce šqoþe | 90 - yecqum yeþqum |
8 - yáse yæse | 18 - kán kæn | 100 - táne tæne |
9 - yec yeþ | 19 - myğon myğon | 1000 - ćeye ťeye |