Farmoshi language

Farmoshi
Rot Pharmuś
Region	Milevia (Parshita)
Ethnicity	Kesrash, X
Language family	Milevic Southern Milevic Socelic Farmoshi
Early forms:	Proto-Milevic Proto-Southern-Milevic Imperial Milevian Farmoshi
Official status
Official language in	Farmosh
CWS code	FMS

Farmoshi, also known as Kesrashi, is the national and official language of Farmosh and the first language of a slight majority of its citizens. It is a member of the Southern group of the Milevic language family, itself thought to be part of a larger Shaelic macrofamily. It is an agglutinating language and makes liberal use of compounding to form new words.

The language serves as an important lingua franca within the country.

The Farmoshi language is classified as a descendant of Imperial Milevian, the administrative and religious language of the Milevian Empire. Whilst preserving many grammatical elements, its phonology has undergone major changes, one of its most prominent characteristics being the shifting of glottal fricatives into velar nasals.

Name

The language is known as Rot Pharmuś "language of the many" in official contexts and state media. The language was given this name to contrast with Terminian, which was dubbed Rot Yẹwuś "language of the few" by Balkists prior to the Referendums on Milevian Sovereignty 1876. In informal contexts the language is commonly referred to as Pharmuśrot or Miledrot, and even by its former name Kesraśrot "Kesrashi language."

Varieties and related languages

Dialects

• Central, centred around the city of Phamphar and the basis of the standard language

Related languages

• Sucaili, spoken in X.
• some other languages i still need names for

Phonology

Consonants

Farmoshi distinguishes three voice-onset times among plosive and affricate consonants:

• voiced
• tenuis (unvoiced, unaspirated)
• aspirated

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩	ɲ ⟨ñ⟩	ŋ ⟨ṅ⟩
Plosive	voiced	b ⟨b⟩	d ⟨d⟩		g* ⟨g⟩
	tenuis	p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩	tɕ ⟨c⟩	k ⟨k⟩
	aspirated	pʰ ⟨ph⟩	tʰ ⟨th⟩	tɕʰ ⟨ch⟩	kʰ ⟨kh⟩
Fricative			s ⟨s⟩	ɕ ⟨ś⟩		h ⟨h⟩
Approximant		w ⟨w⟩	l ⟨l⟩	j ⟨y⟩
Trill			r ⟨r⟩

^* /g/ is only found in certain positions and loan words.

Vowels

The vowel nuclei of the Farmoshi language are given in the following table.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i ⟨i⟩	i: ⟨ī⟩	ʉ ⟨u⟩	ʉ: ⟨ū⟩	u ⟨ụ⟩	u: ⟨ụ̄⟩
Close-mid	e ⟨e⟩	e: ⟨ē⟩			o ⟨o⟩	o: ⟨ō⟩
Mid			ə ⟨a⟩
Open-mid	ɛ ⟨ẹ⟩	ɛ: ⟨ẹ̄⟩
Open				aː ⟨ā⟩

The vowels each exist in long-short pairs: these are distinct phonemes forming unrelated words in Farmoshi.

Grammar

Verbs

Copulae

Farmoshi makes of four affixal copulae, which are suffixed to the predicate if it is an adjective or a noun phrase. The copula used depends on whether the sentence is positive ("to be") or negative ("not to be"), and whether the subject is an animate or inanimate noun (semi-animate nouns use the animate copulae). These copulae are not used when the complement is a prepositional phrase, and cannot exist as independent words; other verbs (such as dẹcen "to lie (positional)) are used instead.

	Animate	Inanimate
Positive	-rer	-rī
Negative	-ñar	-ñī

Bowar won wonīrī. "The ship is very big."

Ṅotlaṅ walś ṅatpharrer. "They are my friends."

Pharm yadñar. "Many [people] are not happy."

Ṅekar nalīñī. "The hill[s] is/are not tall."

*Pharmuśar Cisiluś ṅar rer. -> Pharmuśar Cisiluś ṅar dẹcen. "Farmosh lies next to Czisilia."

Additional verbal affixes can be added after adding the copula suffix, such as tense suffixes.

Bowar won wonīrīmi. "The ship was very big." (past)

Ṅotlaṅ walś ṅatpharreron. "May they be my friends." (subjunctive/optative)

Pharm yadñarmi. "Many [people] were not happy." (past)

Ṅekar nalīñīmi. "The hill[s] was/were not tall." (past)

Syntax

The basic word order, both in conversation and the written language, is subject-object-verb in both transitive clauses and intransitive clauses.

Farmoshi has four noun classes based on animacy, which are divided along the following semantic lines:

• Animate - people, animals, deities, heart/soul/mind
• Semi-animate - dead organisms (excluding 'corpse'), most body parts/organs, plants, groups/collectives of animate nouns, ethnicities, countries
• Inanimate - miscellaneous (includes things not classifiable in the first two)

Alignment

The language shows a form of split-ergative system shared by most other languages in the Milevic family; the system is occasionally dubbed Milevic alignment. Animate nouns follow a nominative-accusative pattern, while inanimate nouns follow an ergative-absolutive pattern. Semi-animate nouns behave similarly to animate nouns, except that they are not marked for the accusative case, while the nominative case is marked with the ergative suffix -ar.