Difference between revisions of "Farmoshi language"
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Farmoshi | |name = Farmoshi | ||
|altname = | |altname = Doñ Pharmuś | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = {{cs|FMS|doņ pqarmyš}} | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = | ||
|states (state) = [[Farmosh]] | |states (state) = [[Farmosh]] | ||
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|latd = | latm = | latNS = <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | |latd = | latm = | latNS = <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | ||
|longd = | longm = | longEW = <!-- longitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | |longd = | longm = | longEW = <!-- longitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | ||
|ethnicity = | |ethnicity = [[Kesrash people|Kesrash]], X | ||
|speakers = | |speakers = | ||
|date = | |date = | ||
|familycolor = | |familycolor = shaelic | ||
|fam1 = [[ | |fam1 = [[Shaelic languages|Shaelic]] | ||
|fam2 = [[ | |fam2 = [[Milevic languages|Milevic]] | ||
|fam3 = | |fam3 = [[South Milevic languages|South Milevic]] | ||
|ancestor = | |ancestor = Imperial Milevian | ||
|posteriori = no | |posteriori = no | ||
|dia1 = | |dia1 = | ||
|dialects = | |dialects = | ||
|script = | |script = [[Terminian alphabet]] | ||
|nation = {{flag|Farmosh}} | |nation = {{flag|Farmosh}} | ||
|agency = | |agency = | ||
|iso3 = FMS | |iso3 = FMS | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
Line 37: | Line 35: | ||
{{Milevians}} | {{Milevians}} | ||
'''Farmoshi''', also known as '''Kesrashi''', is the national and official language of [[Farmosh]] and the first language of a slight majority of its citizens. It is a member of the Southern group of the Milevic language family, itself | '''Farmoshi''' ('''Farmoshi''': {{cs|FMS|doņ pqarmyš}}, <small>tr.</small> ''Doñ Pharmuś''), also known as '''Kesrashi''', is the national and official language of [[Farmosh]] and the first language of a slight majority of its citizens. It is a member of the [[South Milevic languages|Southern]] group of the [[Milevic languages|Milevic language family]], itself a part of a larger [[Shaelic languages|Shaelic family]]. It is an agglutinating language and makes liberal use of compounding to form new words. | ||
The language serves as an important ''lingua franca'' within the country. | The language serves as an important ''lingua franca'' within the country. | ||
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==Name== | ==Name== | ||
The language is known as '' | The language is known as ''Doñ Pharmuś'' "language of the many" in official contexts and state media. The language was given this name to contrast with [[Terminian language|Terminian]], which was dubbed ''Doñ Yẹwuś'' "language of the few" by Balkists prior to the [[Referendums on Milevian Sovereignty 1876]]. In informal contexts the language is commonly referred to as ''Pharmuśdoñ'' or ''Mileddoñ'', and even by its former name ''Kesraśdoñ'' "Kesrashi language." | ||
==Classification== | |||
==Varieties and related languages== | ==Varieties and related languages== | ||
===Dialects=== | |||
*Central, centred around the city of [[Phamphar]] and the basis of the standard language | |||
===Related languages=== | |||
*[[Sucaili language|Sucaili]], spoken in X. | |||
*some other languages i still need names for | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Line 64: | Line 71: | ||
--> | --> | ||
===Proto-South-Milevic=== | |||
===Imperial Milevian=== | |||
===Colonial era=== | |||
===Standardisation=== | |||
Farmoshi (then still Kesrashi) was first standardised in the early 1800s(?) by the [[Terminian Institute for the Languages of the East]]. X. | |||
X. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2| Nasal | ! colspan=2| Nasal | ||
| m | | m<br>⟨m⟩ | ||
| n | | n<br>⟨n⟩ | ||
| ɲ | | ɲ<br>⟨ñ⟩ | ||
| ŋ | | ŋ<br>⟨ṅ⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=3| Plosive | ! rowspan=3| Plosive | ||
! <small>voiced</small> | ! <small>voiced</small> | ||
| b | | b<br>⟨b⟩ | ||
| d | | d<br>⟨d⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
| g<sup>*</sup> | | g<sup>*</sup><br>⟨g⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>tenuis</small> | ! <small>tenuis</small> | ||
| p | | p<br>⟨p⟩ | ||
| t | | t<br>⟨t⟩ | ||
| tɕ | | tɕ<br>⟨c⟩ | ||
| k | | k<br>⟨k⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>aspirated</small> | ! <small>aspirated</small> | ||
| pʰ | | pʰ<br>⟨ph⟩ | ||
| tʰ | | tʰ<br>⟨th⟩ | ||
| tɕʰ | | tɕʰ<br>⟨ch⟩ | ||
| kʰ | | kʰ<br>⟨kh⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2| Fricative | ! colspan=2| Fricative | ||
| | | | ||
| s | | s<br>⟨s⟩ | ||
| ɕ | | ɕ<br>⟨ś⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
| h | | h<br>⟨h⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2| Approximant | ! colspan=2| Approximant | ||
| w | | w<br>⟨w⟩ | ||
| l | | l<br>⟨l⟩ | ||
| j | | j<br>⟨y⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! colspan=2| Trill | ! colspan=2| Trill | ||
| | | | ||
| r | | r<br>⟨r⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
The vowel nuclei of the Farmoshi language are given in the following table. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Close | !Close | ||
|i | |i<br>⟨i⟩ | ||
|i: | |i:<br>⟨ī⟩ | ||
|ʉ | |ʉ<br>⟨u⟩ | ||
|ʉ: | |ʉ:<br>⟨ū⟩ | ||
|u | |u<br>⟨ụ⟩ | ||
|u: | |u:<br>⟨ụ̄⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Close-mid | !Close-mid | ||
|e | |e<br>⟨e⟩ | ||
|e: | |e:<br>⟨ē⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|o | |o<br>⟨o⟩ | ||
|o: | |o:<br>⟨ō⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Mid | !Mid | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|ə | |ə<br>⟨a⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Open-mid | !Open-mid | ||
|ɛ | |ɛ<br>⟨ẹ⟩ | ||
| | |ɛ:<br>⟨ẹ̄⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|aː | |aː<br>⟨ā⟩ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
The vowels each exist in long-short pairs: these are distinct phonemes forming unrelated words in Farmoshi. | |||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | ||
=== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
====Animacy==== | |||
Farmoshi has three noun classes based on animacy, which are assigned semantically based on these categories: | |||
*Animate - people, animals, deities, heart/soul/mind | |||
*Semi-animate - dead organisms (excluding 'corpse'), most body parts/organs, plants, groups/collectives of animate nouns, ethnicities, countries, certain processes + verbal nouns, emotions | |||
*Inanimate - miscellaneous (includes objects not classifiable under the other two categories) | |||
===Adjectives and adverbs=== | |||
There is no morphological distinction between adverbs and adjectives. Many words can be used with either function. They precede the word they modify, which may be a noun, verb, or X. | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
==== | ====Copulae==== | ||
Farmoshi makes of four affixal copulae, which are suffixed to the predicate if it is an adjective or a noun phrase. The copula used depends on whether the sentence is positive ("to be") or negative ("not to be"), and whether the subject is an animate or inanimate noun (semi-animate nouns use the animate copulae). These copulae are not used when the complement is a prepositional phrase, and cannot exist as independent words; other verbs (such as ''dẹcen'' "to lie (positional)) are used instead. | Farmoshi makes use of four affixal copulae, which are suffixed to the predicate if it is an adjective or a noun phrase. The copula used depends on whether the sentence is positive ("to be") or negative ("not to be"), and whether the subject is an animate or inanimate noun (semi-animate nouns use the animate copulae). These copulae are not used when the complement is a prepositional phrase, and cannot exist as independent words; other verbs (such as ''dẹcen'' "to lie (positional)) are used instead. | ||
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | {|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Positive | ! Positive | ||
| -rer | | {{cs|FMS|-rer}}<br>''-rer'' | ||
| -rī | | {{cs|FMS|-rí}}<br>''-rī'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Negative | ! Negative | ||
| -ñar | | {{cs|FMS|-ņar}}<br>''-ñar'' | ||
| -ñī | | {{cs|FMS|-ņi}}<br>''-ñī'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
*{{cs|FMS|bú won woní<u>rí</u>}} (''bụ̄ won wonī<u>rī</u>'') ''The ship is very big.'' | |||
*{{cs|FMS|ŋotlaŋ walš ŋatpqar<u>rer</u>}} (''ṅotlaṅ walś ṅatphar<u>rer</u>'') ''They are my friends.'' | |||
*{{cs|FMS|pqarm jad<u>ņar</u>}} (''pharm yad<u>ñar</u>'') ''Many [people] are not happy.'' | |||
*{{cs|FMS|ŋek nalí<u>ņí</u>}} (''ṅek nalī<u>ñī</u>'') ''The hill[s] is/are not tall.'' | |||
*<nowiki>*</nowiki>{{cs|FMS|pqarmyšar cisilyš ŋar <u>rer</u>}} (''pharmuśar cisiluś ṅar <u>rer</u>'') → {{cs|FMS|pqarmyšar cisilyš ŋar <u>dæcen</u>}} (''pharmuśar cisiluś ṅar <u>dẹcen</u>'') ''Farmosh '''lies''' next to Czisilia.'' | |||
Additional verbal affixes can be added after adding the copula suffix, such as tense suffixes. | Additional verbal affixes can be added after adding the copula suffix, such as tense suffixes. | ||
*{{cs|FMS|bú won wonírí<u>mi</u>}} (''bụ̄ won wonīrī<u>mi</u>'') ''The ship was very big.'' (past) | |||
*{{cs|FMS|ŋotlaŋ walš ŋatpqarrer<u>on</u>}} (''ṅotlaṅ walś ṅatpharrer<u>on</u>'') ''May they be my friends.'' (subjunctive/optative) | |||
*{{cs|FMS|pqarm jadņar<u>mi</u>}} (''pharm yadñar<u>mi</u>'') ''Many [people] were not happy.'' (past) | |||
*{{cs|FMS|ŋek nalíņí<u>mi</u>}} (''ṅek nalīñī<u>mi</u>'') ''The hill[s] was/were not tall.'' (past) | |||
===Particles=== | |||
===Adpositions=== | |||
===Derivational morphology=== | |||
===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
The basic word order, both in conversation and the written language, is subject-object-verb in both transitive clauses and intransitive clauses. | |||
====Alignment==== | |||
The language shows a form of split-ergative system shared by most other languages in the Milevic family; the system is occasionally dubbed ''Milevic alignment''. Animate nouns follow a nominative-accusative pattern, while inanimate nouns follow an ergative-absolutive pattern. Semi-animate nouns behave similarly to animate nouns, except that they are not marked for the accusative case, while the nominative case is marked with the ergative suffix ''-ar''. | |||
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | ||
==Orthography== | |||
<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IPA then visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up. --> | |||
Farmoshi is written using one of two scripts depending on the context, those being the [[Terminian alphabet]] and the traditional ''Decwabmẹ'' ("correct writing") script. | |||
===Terminian alphabet=== | |||
The Terminian script has been used by Milevic groups in Farmosh since the Xth Century, and had become a widespread vernacular script by the Xth Century, displacing Decwabmẹ. | |||
In X, shortly after the Balkist regime took power in Farmosh, attempts were made to phase out the Terminian alphabet as it was seen as a symbol of imperialism and foreign influence. To that end official state media exclusively used Decwabmẹ, which was also required to be taught in education. The general population continued to use the Terminian script, however. During the latter half of the 20th Century the Terminian alphabet began to see renewed usage by state media, while Decwabmẹ, which had previously been widely used in state publications and media, was relegated to official and ceremonial purposes. Farmoshi language courses in other countries are commonly taught using the Terminian script. | |||
Written Farmoshi texts in the Terminian alphabet are easily recognisable as such by distinguishing features such the use of the extended characters ''{{cs|FMS|æ}}'' ''æ'' and ''{{cs|FMS|ǽ}}'' ''ǽ'', ''{{cs|FMS|ņ}}'' ''ń'' and ''{{cs|FMS|š}}'' ''ś'', and the ligature ''{{cs|FMS|ŋ}}'' ''ŋ'', among others. In addition, ''{{cs|FMS|y}}'' ''y'' is commonly used, while ''{{cs|FMS|u}}'' ''u'' is much rarer, and digraphs with ''{{cs|FMS|q}}'' ''h'' (such as ''{{cs|FMS|pq}}'' ''ph'') also serve to distinguish the language the language from others using the Terminian alphabet. | |||
===Decwabmẹ=== | |||
The Decwabmẹ script was the historical script of the [[Milevian Empire]], adopted in X. Although displaced by Terminian in the Xth Century, a revival of the script was proposed by Balkist scholars(?) in X and was made official by the Balkist regime in X. The teaching of the script was made mandatory, although in practise only major educational institutions abided by this law, and the Terminian alphabet was still used as the vernacular script by the common folk. The limited usage it had further decreased as the Terminian alphabet became more favoured by state media in the second half of the 20th Century. In the modern age it is primarily used in ceremonial or official contexts, and as a common script for writing clan names and signatures. | |||
When written in Decwabmẹ, Farmoshi exhibits a wealth of historical spelling stemming from [[Imperial Milevian language|Imperial Milevian]] orthography. | |||
The Farmoshi government hires workers proficient in Decwabmẹ to transliterate new laws and other related documents. | |||
===Correspondence chart=== | |||
Correspondence chart of official and most widespread writing scripts (with Latin romanisation added) | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-feature-settings:'cv50' 1; -webkit-font-feature-settings:'cv50' 1;" | |||
!Latin !! Terminian !! Terminian<br>(Latinised) !! Decwabmẹ !! Decwabmẹ<br>(Latinised) !! IPA transcription | |||
|- | |||
|A a || {{cs|FMS|a}} || a || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/ə/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ā ā || {{cs|FMS|á}} || á || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/a:/}} | |||
|- | |||
|B b || {{cs|FMS|b}} || b || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/b/}} | |||
|- | |||
|C c || {{cs|FMS|c}} || c || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ch ch || {{cs|FMS|cq}} || ch{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|1}} || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/t͡ɕʰ/}} | |||
|- | |||
|D d || {{cs|FMS|d}} || d || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/d/}} | |||
|- | |||
|E e || {{cs|FMS|e}} || e || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/e/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ē ē || {{cs|FMS|é}} || é || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/e:/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ẹ ẹ || {{cs|FMS|æ}} || æ || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ẹ̄ ẹ̄ || {{cs|FMS|ǽ}} || ǽ || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/ɛ:/}} | |||
|- | |||
|G g || {{cs|FMS|g}} || g || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/g/}} | |||
|- | |||
|H h || {{cs|FMS|q}} || h{{ref label|reference_name_B|b|2}} || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/h/}} | |||
|- | |||
|I i || {{cs|FMS|i}} || i || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/i/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ī ī || {{cs|FMS|í}} || í || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/i:/}} | |||
|- | |||
|K k || {{cs|FMS|k}} || k || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/k/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Kh kh || {{cs|FMS|kq}} || kh{{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/kʰ/}} | |||
|- | |||
|L l || {{cs|FMS|l}} || l || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/l/}} | |||
|- | |||
|M m || {{cs|FMS|m}} || m || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/m/}} | |||
|- | |||
|N n || {{cs|FMS|n}} || n || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/n/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ñ ñ || {{cs|FMS|ņ}} || ń || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/ɲ/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ṅ ṅ || {{cs|FMS|ŋ}} || ŋ || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/ŋ/}} | |||
|- | |||
|O o || {{cs|FMS|o}} || o || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/o/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ō ō || {{cs|FMS|ó}} || ó || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/o:/}} | |||
|- | |||
|P p || {{cs|FMS|p}} || p || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/p/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ph ph || {{cs|FMS|pq}} || ph{{ref label|reference_name_D|d|4}} || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/pʰ/}} | |||
|- | |||
|S s || {{cs|FMS|s}} || s || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/s/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ś ś || {{cs|FMS|š}} || ś || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/ɕ/}} | |||
|- | |||
|T t || {{cs|FMS|t}} || t || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/t/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Th th || {{cs|FMS|tq}} || th{{ref label|reference_name_E|e|5}} || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/tʰ/}} | |||
|- | |||
|U u || {{cs|FMS|y}} || y || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/ʉ/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ū ū || {{cs|FMS|ý}} || ý || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/ʉ:/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ụ ụ || {{cs|FMS|u}} || u || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/u/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Ụ̄ ụ̄ || {{cs|FMS|ú}} || ú || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/u:/}} | |||
|- | |||
|W w || {{cs|FMS|w}} || w || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/w/}} | |||
|- | |||
|Y y || {{cs|FMS|j}} || j || TBD || TBD || {{IPA|/j/}} | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a}}{{note label|reference_name_B|b}}{{note label|reference_name_C|c}}{{note label|reference_name_D|d}}{{note label|reference_name_E|e}}''{{cs|FMS|q}}'' is typically Latinised as ''q'' in the context of other languages. | |||
==Literature== | ==Literature== | ||
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[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Milevic languages]] | |||
[[Category:Farmosh]] |
Latest revision as of 00:57, 6 February 2021
Farmoshi | |
---|---|
Doñ Pharmuś doņ pqarmyš | |
Region | Milevia (Parshita) |
Ethnicity | Kesrash, X |
Language family | Shaelic
|
Early forms: | Imperial Milevian
|
Writing system | Terminian alphabet |
Official status | |
Official language in | Farmosh |
CWS code | FMS |
Part of a series on |
Milevians |
---|
Nations |
Non-independent regions
|
Languages |
Religions |
Other |
Farmoshi (Farmoshi: doņ pqarmyš, tr. Doñ Pharmuś), also known as Kesrashi, is the national and official language of Farmosh and the first language of a slight majority of its citizens. It is a member of the Southern group of the Milevic language family, itself a part of a larger Shaelic family. It is an agglutinating language and makes liberal use of compounding to form new words.
The language serves as an important lingua franca within the country.
The Farmoshi language is classified as a descendant of Imperial Milevian, the administrative and religious language of the Milevian Empire. Whilst preserving many grammatical elements, its phonology has undergone major changes, one of its most prominent characteristics being the shifting of glottal fricatives into velar nasals.
Geographic Distribution
Name
The language is known as Doñ Pharmuś "language of the many" in official contexts and state media. The language was given this name to contrast with Terminian, which was dubbed Doñ Yẹwuś "language of the few" by Balkists prior to the Referendums on Milevian Sovereignty 1876. In informal contexts the language is commonly referred to as Pharmuśdoñ or Mileddoñ, and even by its former name Kesraśdoñ "Kesrashi language."
Classification
Dialects
- Central, centred around the city of Phamphar and the basis of the standard language
Related languages
- Sucaili, spoken in X.
- some other languages i still need names for
History
Proto-South-Milevic
Imperial Milevian
Colonial era
Standardisation
Farmoshi (then still Kesrashi) was first standardised in the early 1800s(?) by the Terminian Institute for the Languages of the East. X.
X.
Phonology
Consonants
Farmoshi distinguishes three voice-onset times among plosive and affricate consonants:
- voiced
- tenuis (unvoiced, unaspirated)
- aspirated
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ |
n ⟨n⟩ |
ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ |
ŋ ⟨ṅ⟩ |
||
Plosive | voiced | b ⟨b⟩ |
d ⟨d⟩ |
g* ⟨g⟩ |
||
tenuis | p ⟨p⟩ |
t ⟨t⟩ |
tɕ ⟨c⟩ |
k ⟨k⟩ |
||
aspirated | pʰ ⟨ph⟩ |
tʰ ⟨th⟩ |
tɕʰ ⟨ch⟩ |
kʰ ⟨kh⟩ |
||
Fricative | s ⟨s⟩ |
ɕ ⟨ś⟩ |
h ⟨h⟩ | |||
Approximant | w ⟨w⟩ |
l ⟨l⟩ |
j ⟨y⟩ |
|||
Trill | r ⟨r⟩ |
- * /g/ is only found in certain positions and loan words.
Vowels
The vowel nuclei of the Farmoshi language are given in the following table.
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i ⟨i⟩ |
i: ⟨ī⟩ |
ʉ ⟨u⟩ |
ʉ: ⟨ū⟩ |
u ⟨ụ⟩ |
u: ⟨ụ̄⟩ |
Close-mid | e ⟨e⟩ |
e: ⟨ē⟩ |
o ⟨o⟩ |
o: ⟨ō⟩ | ||
Mid | ə ⟨a⟩ |
|||||
Open-mid | ɛ ⟨ẹ⟩ |
ɛ: ⟨ẹ̄⟩ |
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Open | aː ⟨ā⟩ |
The vowels each exist in long-short pairs: these are distinct phonemes forming unrelated words in Farmoshi.
Phonotactics
Grammar
Nouns
Animacy
Farmoshi has three noun classes based on animacy, which are assigned semantically based on these categories:
- Animate - people, animals, deities, heart/soul/mind
- Semi-animate - dead organisms (excluding 'corpse'), most body parts/organs, plants, groups/collectives of animate nouns, ethnicities, countries, certain processes + verbal nouns, emotions
- Inanimate - miscellaneous (includes objects not classifiable under the other two categories)
Adjectives and adverbs
There is no morphological distinction between adverbs and adjectives. Many words can be used with either function. They precede the word they modify, which may be a noun, verb, or X.
Verbs
Copulae
Farmoshi makes use of four affixal copulae, which are suffixed to the predicate if it is an adjective or a noun phrase. The copula used depends on whether the sentence is positive ("to be") or negative ("not to be"), and whether the subject is an animate or inanimate noun (semi-animate nouns use the animate copulae). These copulae are not used when the complement is a prepositional phrase, and cannot exist as independent words; other verbs (such as dẹcen "to lie (positional)) are used instead.
Animate | Inanimate | |
---|---|---|
Positive | -rer -rer |
-rí -rī |
Negative | -ņar -ñar |
-ņi -ñī |
- bú won wonírí (bụ̄ won wonīrī) The ship is very big.
- ŋotlaŋ walš ŋatpqarrer (ṅotlaṅ walś ṅatpharrer) They are my friends.
- pqarm jadņar (pharm yadñar) Many [people] are not happy.
- ŋek nalíņí (ṅek nalīñī) The hill[s] is/are not tall.
- *pqarmyšar cisilyš ŋar rer (pharmuśar cisiluś ṅar rer) → pqarmyšar cisilyš ŋar dæcen (pharmuśar cisiluś ṅar dẹcen) Farmosh lies next to Czisilia.
Additional verbal affixes can be added after adding the copula suffix, such as tense suffixes.
- bú won wonírími (bụ̄ won wonīrīmi) The ship was very big. (past)
- ŋotlaŋ walš ŋatpqarreron (ṅotlaṅ walś ṅatpharreron) May they be my friends. (subjunctive/optative)
- pqarm jadņarmi (pharm yadñarmi) Many [people] were not happy. (past)
- ŋek nalíņími (ṅek nalīñīmi) The hill[s] was/were not tall. (past)
Particles
Adpositions
Derivational morphology
Syntax
The basic word order, both in conversation and the written language, is subject-object-verb in both transitive clauses and intransitive clauses.
Alignment
The language shows a form of split-ergative system shared by most other languages in the Milevic family; the system is occasionally dubbed Milevic alignment. Animate nouns follow a nominative-accusative pattern, while inanimate nouns follow an ergative-absolutive pattern. Semi-animate nouns behave similarly to animate nouns, except that they are not marked for the accusative case, while the nominative case is marked with the ergative suffix -ar.
Orthography
Farmoshi is written using one of two scripts depending on the context, those being the Terminian alphabet and the traditional Decwabmẹ ("correct writing") script.
Terminian alphabet
The Terminian script has been used by Milevic groups in Farmosh since the Xth Century, and had become a widespread vernacular script by the Xth Century, displacing Decwabmẹ.
In X, shortly after the Balkist regime took power in Farmosh, attempts were made to phase out the Terminian alphabet as it was seen as a symbol of imperialism and foreign influence. To that end official state media exclusively used Decwabmẹ, which was also required to be taught in education. The general population continued to use the Terminian script, however. During the latter half of the 20th Century the Terminian alphabet began to see renewed usage by state media, while Decwabmẹ, which had previously been widely used in state publications and media, was relegated to official and ceremonial purposes. Farmoshi language courses in other countries are commonly taught using the Terminian script.
Written Farmoshi texts in the Terminian alphabet are easily recognisable as such by distinguishing features such the use of the extended characters æ æ and ǽ ǽ, ņ ń and š ś, and the ligature ŋ ŋ, among others. In addition, y y is commonly used, while u u is much rarer, and digraphs with q h (such as pq ph) also serve to distinguish the language the language from others using the Terminian alphabet.
Decwabmẹ
The Decwabmẹ script was the historical script of the Milevian Empire, adopted in X. Although displaced by Terminian in the Xth Century, a revival of the script was proposed by Balkist scholars(?) in X and was made official by the Balkist regime in X. The teaching of the script was made mandatory, although in practise only major educational institutions abided by this law, and the Terminian alphabet was still used as the vernacular script by the common folk. The limited usage it had further decreased as the Terminian alphabet became more favoured by state media in the second half of the 20th Century. In the modern age it is primarily used in ceremonial or official contexts, and as a common script for writing clan names and signatures.
When written in Decwabmẹ, Farmoshi exhibits a wealth of historical spelling stemming from Imperial Milevian orthography.
The Farmoshi government hires workers proficient in Decwabmẹ to transliterate new laws and other related documents.
Correspondence chart
Correspondence chart of official and most widespread writing scripts (with Latin romanisation added)
Latin | Terminian | Terminian (Latinised) |
Decwabmẹ | Decwabmẹ (Latinised) |
IPA transcription |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A a | a | a | TBD | TBD | /ə/ |
Ā ā | á | á | TBD | TBD | /a:/ |
B b | b | b | TBD | TBD | /b/ |
C c | c | c | TBD | TBD | /t͡ɕ/ |
Ch ch | cq | ch[a] | TBD | TBD | /t͡ɕʰ/ |
D d | d | d | TBD | TBD | /d/ |
E e | e | e | TBD | TBD | /e/ |
Ē ē | é | é | TBD | TBD | /e:/ |
Ẹ ẹ | æ | æ | TBD | TBD | /ɛ/ |
Ẹ̄ ẹ̄ | ǽ | ǽ | TBD | TBD | /ɛ:/ |
G g | g | g | TBD | TBD | /g/ |
H h | q | h[b] | TBD | TBD | /h/ |
I i | i | i | TBD | TBD | /i/ |
Ī ī | í | í | TBD | TBD | /i:/ |
K k | k | k | TBD | TBD | /k/ |
Kh kh | kq | kh[c] | TBD | TBD | /kʰ/ |
L l | l | l | TBD | TBD | /l/ |
M m | m | m | TBD | TBD | /m/ |
N n | n | n | TBD | TBD | /n/ |
Ñ ñ | ņ | ń | TBD | TBD | /ɲ/ |
Ṅ ṅ | ŋ | ŋ | TBD | TBD | /ŋ/ |
O o | o | o | TBD | TBD | /o/ |
Ō ō | ó | ó | TBD | TBD | /o:/ |
P p | p | p | TBD | TBD | /p/ |
Ph ph | pq | ph[d] | TBD | TBD | /pʰ/ |
S s | s | s | TBD | TBD | /s/ |
Ś ś | š | ś | TBD | TBD | /ɕ/ |
T t | t | t | TBD | TBD | /t/ |
Th th | tq | th[e] | TBD | TBD | /tʰ/ |
U u | y | y | TBD | TBD | /ʉ/ |
Ū ū | ý | ý | TBD | TBD | /ʉ:/ |
Ụ ụ | u | u | TBD | TBD | /u/ |
Ụ̄ ụ̄ | ú | ú | TBD | TBD | /u:/ |
W w | w | w | TBD | TBD | /w/ |
Y y | j | j | TBD | TBD | /j/ |
- a b c d e q is typically Latinised as q in the context of other languages.