Difference between revisions of "Balak language"
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|altname = Balâkzem | |altname = Balâkzem | ||
|nativename = {{cs|JZG|Balākzem}} | |nativename = {{cs|JZG|Balākzem}} | ||
|pronunciation = [ | |pronunciation = [bɑˈlæ:ksɛm] | ||
|states (state) = | |states (state) = | ||
|region = [[Vaniua]] | |region = [[Vaniua]], [[Puzimm]] | ||
|latd = | latm = | latNS = <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | |latd = | latm = | latNS = <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | ||
|longd = | longm = | longEW = <!-- longitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | |longd = | longm = | longEW = <!-- longitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | ||
|ethnicity = | |ethnicity = Balak-speaking peoples | ||
|speakers = | |speakers = over 100 million (L1) | ||
|date = 2016 | |date = 2016 | ||
|familycolor = vaniuan | |familycolor = vaniuan | ||
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|dia1 = | |dia1 = | ||
|dialects = | |dialects = | ||
|script = | |script = [[Vucheshian script|Vucheshian]] | ||
|nation = | |nation = {{flag|Balakia}}<br>{{flag|Gushlia}}<br>{{flag|Kunjut}}<br>{{flag|Hodek}}<br>{{flag|Sonka}}<br>{{flag|Ebo Nganagam}}<br>{{flag|Tuyo}} | ||
|agency = Institute of Balak Language and Linguistics at the University of | |agency = Institute of Balak Language and Linguistics at the University of Yercêsven (Balakia) | ||
|iso3 = JZG | |iso3 = JZG | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
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{{Vaniuans}} | {{Vaniuans}} | ||
'''Balak''' ({{cs|JZG|Balākzem}}; ''Balâkzem'', [ | '''Balak''' ({{cs|JZG|Balākzem}}; ''Balâkzem'', [bɑˈlæ:ksɛm]), alternatively known as '''Jazaghan''' ({{cs|JZG|Ḑazağan}}; ''Jazağan'', [d͡ʒɑzɑˈʁɑn]) is a [[Kashisan languages|Kashisan]] language within the [[Eastern Vaniuan]] branch of the [[Vaniuan]] language family. Along with the [[Gushli language|Gushli]] language, Standard Balak is a national variant of the pluricentric [[Jazaghan language|Jazaghan]] language, and is somewhat more phonetically divergent compared to Gushli. Balak is written in the [[Balak alphabet]], a modified variant of the [[Vucheshian script|Vucheshian alphabet]]. | ||
The Balak language is considered a continuation of the [[Middle Jazaghan language|Middle Jazaghan]] language, which was used as a trade language during the later years of the [[Great Horde]]. Throughout its history the language has been considerably influenced by the [[Khamaian language]], the ancestor of which also served as a substrate for [[Proto-Kashisan language|Proto-Kashisan]], as well as the [[Koman language]]. | The Balak language is considered a continuation of the [[Middle Jazaghan language|Middle Jazaghan]] language, which was used as a trade language during the later years of the [[Great Horde]]. Throughout its history the language has been considerably influenced by the [[Khamaian language]], the ancestor of which also served as a substrate for [[Proto-Kashisan language|Proto-Kashisan]], as well as the [[Koman language]]. | ||
There are | There are over 100 million native Balak speakers worldwide, with the language holding official status in [[Balakia]], [[Gushlia]], [[Kunjut]], [[Hodek]], [[Sonka]], [[Ebo Nganagam]], and [[Tuyo]], and regional or minority status in [[Komania]]. | ||
==Geographic Distribution== | ==Geographic Distribution== | ||
===Miraria=== | |||
====Vaniua==== | |||
====Parshita==== | |||
====Central Miraria==== | |||
====Soltenna==== | |||
===Baredina=== | |||
====Puzimm==== | |||
====Ekuosia==== | |||
===Lahan=== | |||
===Ystel=== | |||
==Name== | ==Name== | ||
Standard Balak is known natively as ''Balâkzem'', pronounced [ | Standard Balak is known natively as ''Balâkzem'', pronounced [bɑˈlæ:ksɛm]. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
Modern Standard Balak is a [[Kashisan languages|Kashisan language]] descended from the [[Eastern Vaniuan languages|Eastern Vaniuan]] branch of the [[Vaniuan languages]]. The Kashisan languages can further be subdivided into [[Kaatian language|Kaatian]] and the [[Kothlenic languages|Kothlenic]] languages, the latter of which includes Balak and the other | Modern Standard Balak is a [[Kashisan languages|Kashisan language]] descended from the [[Eastern Vaniuan languages|Eastern Vaniuan]] branch of the [[Vaniuan languages]]. The Kashisan languages can further be subdivided into [[Kaatian language|Kaatian]] and the [[Kothlenic languages|Kothlenic]] languages, the latter of which includes Standard Balak and the other Jazaghan varieties, the [[Rasha language|Rasha]], and the [[Covayan language|Covayan]] creole. | ||
[[File:Kashisan lang map.png|thumbnail|upright=1.15|The Kashisan languages in eastern Vaniua]] | [[File:Kashisan lang map.png|thumbnail|upright=1.15|The Kashisan languages in eastern Vaniua]] | ||
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==Dialects== | ==Dialects== | ||
The Balak dialects are the traditional local varieties of the language; many of them are not mutually intelligible with standard Balak, and exhibit great differences in lexicon, phonology, and syntax. Many of these dialects are in fact considered to be separate languages in some sources. | |||
== | The Balak dialect continuum is traditionally divided most broadly into Kothlenic Balak and Huklenic Balak, less frequently labelled as Cistarkhan Balak and Transtarkhan Balak respectively. | ||
===Kothlenic Balak=== | |||
====Kashis Balak==== | |||
====Kazani Balak==== | |||
====Bashteze Balak==== | |||
====Peninsular Balak==== | |||
====Straits Balak==== | |||
===Huklenic Balak=== | |||
====Telehi==== | |||
====Ogharan Balak==== | |||
====Gushli==== | |||
====Lezeji==== | |||
====Marahi==== | |||
==History== | |||
==Distinguishing features and differences between standards== | ==Distinguishing features and differences between standards== | ||
{{main|Comparison of standard Balak, Chindushi and Gushli}} | {{main|Comparison of standard Balak, Chindushi and Gushli}} | ||
==Sociopolitical standpoints== | ==Sociopolitical standpoints== | ||
==Official status== | ==Official status== | ||
Balak is an official language in Balakia, Gushlia, Kunjut, Hodek, Sonka, Ebo Nganagam, and Tuyo. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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===Morphology=== | ===Morphology=== | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
Balak is a moderately agglutinative language, though it does preserve fusional affixes for nouns and verbs. Nouns are divided into two animacy classes - animate and inanimate - and are inflected slightly differently depending on the class they are on; inanimate nouns don't inflect for plural number, while animate nouns do. | |||
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Nouns are split into two classes - animate and inanimate - X. | |||
===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
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[[Category:Balakia]] | [[Category:Balakia]] | ||
[[Category:Gushlia]] | |||
[[Category:Kunjut]] | [[Category:Kunjut]] | ||
[[Category:Hodek]] | |||
[[Category:Sonka]] | |||
[[Category:Ebo Nganagam]] | |||
[[Category:Tuyo]] | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Miraria]] | [[Category:Miraria]] | ||
[[Category:Vaniua]] | [[Category:Vaniua]] | ||
[[Category:Puzimm]] |
Revision as of 23:50, 11 November 2020
Balak | |
---|---|
Balâkzem Balākzem | |
Pronunciation | [bɑˈlæ:ksɛm] |
Region | Vaniua, Puzimm |
Ethnicity | Balak-speaking peoples |
Native speakers | over 100 million (L1) (2016) |
Language family | |
Early forms: | Proto-Vaniuan
|
Writing system | Vucheshian |
Official status | |
Official language in | Balakia Gushlia Kunjut Hodek Sonka Ebo Nganagam Tuyo |
Regulated by | Institute of Balak Language and Linguistics at the University of Yercêsven (Balakia) |
CWS code | JZG |
Location of Balak speakers in Vaniua regions where Standard Balak is the language of the majority regions where Standard Balak is the language of a significant minority regions where Chindushi is the language of the majority regions where Chindushi is the language of a significant minority |
Part of a series on |
Vaniuans |
---|
Nations |
Non-independent regions
Former nations
Balak Empire Baysanid Khanate Federated Kingdom Great Horde Holy Shanyedate Kothlen Horde Shomosvan Tamisang Hojanate Torosh Khanate Uhimid Hojanate Vos State |
Languages |
Religions |
Other |
Balak (Balākzem; Balâkzem, [bɑˈlæ:ksɛm]), alternatively known as Jazaghan (Ḑazağan; Jazağan, [d͡ʒɑzɑˈʁɑn]) is a Kashisan language within the Eastern Vaniuan branch of the Vaniuan language family. Along with the Gushli language, Standard Balak is a national variant of the pluricentric Jazaghan language, and is somewhat more phonetically divergent compared to Gushli. Balak is written in the Balak alphabet, a modified variant of the Vucheshian alphabet.
The Balak language is considered a continuation of the Middle Jazaghan language, which was used as a trade language during the later years of the Great Horde. Throughout its history the language has been considerably influenced by the Khamaian language, the ancestor of which also served as a substrate for Proto-Kashisan, as well as the Koman language.
There are over 100 million native Balak speakers worldwide, with the language holding official status in Balakia, Gushlia, Kunjut, Hodek, Sonka, Ebo Nganagam, and Tuyo, and regional or minority status in Komania.
Geographic Distribution
Miraria
Vaniua
Parshita
Central Miraria
Soltenna
Baredina
Puzimm
Ekuosia
Lahan
Ystel
Name
Standard Balak is known natively as Balâkzem, pronounced [bɑˈlæ:ksɛm].
Classification
Modern Standard Balak is a Kashisan language descended from the Eastern Vaniuan branch of the Vaniuan languages. The Kashisan languages can further be subdivided into Kaatian and the Kothlenic languages, the latter of which includes Standard Balak and the other Jazaghan varieties, the Rasha, and the Covayan creole.
Standard Balak is based on Central Balak dialects (no. 10 on the map), which are X.
Dialects
The Balak dialects are the traditional local varieties of the language; many of them are not mutually intelligible with standard Balak, and exhibit great differences in lexicon, phonology, and syntax. Many of these dialects are in fact considered to be separate languages in some sources.
The Balak dialect continuum is traditionally divided most broadly into Kothlenic Balak and Huklenic Balak, less frequently labelled as Cistarkhan Balak and Transtarkhan Balak respectively.
Kothlenic Balak
Kashis Balak
Kazani Balak
Bashteze Balak
Peninsular Balak
Straits Balak
Huklenic Balak
Telehi
Ogharan Balak
Gushli
Lezeji
Marahi
History
Distinguishing features and differences between standards
Sociopolitical standpoints
Official status
Balak is an official language in Balakia, Gushlia, Kunjut, Hodek, Sonka, Ebo Nganagam, and Tuyo.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |||
Plosive | p b | t d | k ɡ | ||
Fricative | (f) v | s sʷ z zʷ | ʃ | h | |
Affricate | t͡s t͡sʷ | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | |||
Approximant | l | j | ɰ | ||
Rhotic | r |
Notes:
- /f/ is only used in loanwords, though some speakers may substitute /f/ with /v/.
- /sʷ, zʷ, t͡sʷ/ have a number of possible realisations and, in certain dialects, mergers:
- Whistled sibilants [sᶲ, zᵝ, t͡sᶲ]
- Distribution: Common in central and eastern Balakia, as well as other conservative varieties and the standard language. It is by far the most common realisation.
- Consonant clusters [sv, zv, t͡sv]
- Distribution: Occurs in transitional dialects spoken in Gushlia and close to the Balak-Gushli border.
- Merger with plain sibilants [s, z, t͡s]
- Distribution: Present in varieties spoken in southern Balakia and along parts of the east coast. Also occurs in some areas of western Balakia and eastern Gushlia.
- Merger with post-alveolar sibilants [ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ]
- Distribution: Reported to occur in the idiolects of some younger speakers, particularly in urban regions such as Sâcar.
- Merger with labiodental fricatives [f, v, p̪͡f~f]
- Distribution: Present in northwestern varieties, including Torosh Balak.
- Whistled sibilants [sᶲ, zᵝ, t͡sᶲ]
Vowels
Balak has a system of 10 phonemic vowels. X. Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Balak phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature as in other standard varieties of Jazaghan.
|
|
Notes:
- X.
Phonotactics
The syllable structure of Standard Balak is (C)V(C). Labialised or whistled sibilants /sʷ zʷ t͡sʷ/ may not occur word-finally.
X.
Orthography
Grammar
Morphology
Balak is a moderately agglutinative language, though it does preserve fusional affixes for nouns and verbs. Nouns are divided into two animacy classes - animate and inanimate - and are inflected slightly differently depending on the class they are on; inanimate nouns don't inflect for plural number, while animate nouns do.
Nouns are split into two classes - animate and inanimate - X.