Difference between revisions of "Terminian language"
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|state = [[ | |state = [[Terminian Dominion]], [[Amerhan]], [[Awarahl]], [[Bosato]] and other locations in the [[Terminian-speaking world]] | ||
|region = | |region = | ||
|latd = | latm = | latNS = <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | |latd = | latm = | latNS = <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | ||
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|dialects = | |dialects = | ||
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|nation = {{flag| | |nation = {{flag|Amerhan}}<br>{{flag|Awarahl}}<br>{{flag|Bosato}}<br>{{flag|Cerman}}<br>{{flag|Ekuosian Union}}<br>{{flagicon|Terminian Far West}} [[Terminian Far West|Far West]]<br>{{flag|Kaisen}}<br>{{flag|Macyeaq}} | ||
|agency = [[International Society for the Standard Terminian Language]] | |agency = [[International Society for the Standard Terminian Language]] | ||
|iso3 = | |iso3 = TMN | ||
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'''Terminian''' is a [[Termic languages|Termic language]] mainly spoken in northwest [[Ekuosia]] and southeast [[Akulanen]]. It is the most widely spoken language in [[Cerman]] and [[Amerhan]], and is an official language in several other countries, including [[Bosato]] and [[Arawahl]]. Terminian is the most widely spoken of the [[Ngerupic languages|Ngerupic]] language family, with an estimated 160 million native speakers worldwide, as well as a large amount of L2 speakers due to the historical influence of the [[Terminian Empire]] and [[Olboros Terminia|Three Kingdoms]]. It is one of the 22 official languages of the [[Ekuosian Union]]. | '''Terminian''' is a [[Termic languages|Termic language]] mainly spoken in northwest [[Ekuosia]] and southeast [[Akulanen]]. It is the most widely spoken language in [[Cerman]] and [[Amerhan]], and is an official language in several other countries, including [[Bosato]] and [[Arawahl]]. Terminian is the most widely spoken of the [[Ngerupic languages|Ngerupic]] language family, with an estimated 160 million native speakers worldwide, as well as a large amount of L2 speakers due to the historical influence of the [[Terminian Empire]] and [[Olboros Terminia|Three Kingdoms]]. It is one of the 22 official languages of the [[Ekuosian Union]]. | ||
Due to the limited intelligibility between certain varieties of Terminian, as well as the lack of an undisputed, scientific difference between a "dialect" and a "language", some Terminian varieties (e.g. [[Proper Amerhani]] or [[Utoyyi]]) are alternatively referred to as "languages" and "dialects". | Due to the limited intelligibility between certain varieties of Terminian, as well as the lack of an undisputed, scientific difference between a "dialect" and a "language", some Terminian varieties (e.g. [[Amerhani language|Proper Amerhani]] or [[Utoyyi language|Utoyyi]]) are alternatively referred to as "languages" and "dialects". | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
Terminian represents the largest member of the [[Termic languages|Termic]] branch of the [[Ngerupic languages|Ngerupic]] family. Such is its prominence that historically it was widely assumed that the Termic family consisted entirely of Terminian; it was not until the later recognition of [[Baridus language|Baridus]] as an independent Termic language that challenged that view. | |||
The recognition of the Termic branch as a member of the wider Ngerupic family was first hypothesised in the mid 19th century, although it was not until later that its place in the family was confirmed by studious comparison of [[Old Terminian language|Old Terminian]] with several Ngerupic varities. Previus attempts to connect Terminian to other language families had concentrated primarily on the languages of [[Baredina]], particularly the [[Letsic languages|Letsic]], [[Adzamic languages|Adzamic]] and [[Argeyazic languages|Argeyazic]] families. | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Revision as of 15:03, 18 October 2023
| Terminian | |
|---|---|
| Spoken natively in | Terminian Dominion, Amerhan, Awarahl, Bosato and other locations in the Terminian-speaking world |
| Native speakers | 159 million (2015) 300 million (L1 plus L2 speakers) |
| Language family | |
| Official status | |
| Official language in |  Amerhan Awarahl Bosato Cerman Ekuosian Union Far West Kaisen Macyeaq |
| Regulated by | International Society for the Standard Terminian Language |
| CWS code | TMN |
Terminian is a Termic language mainly spoken in northwest Ekuosia and southeast Akulanen. It is the most widely spoken language in Cerman and Amerhan, and is an official language in several other countries, including Bosato and Arawahl. Terminian is the most widely spoken of the Ngerupic language family, with an estimated 160 million native speakers worldwide, as well as a large amount of L2 speakers due to the historical influence of the Terminian Empire and Three Kingdoms. It is one of the 22 official languages of the Ekuosian Union.
Due to the limited intelligibility between certain varieties of Terminian, as well as the lack of an undisputed, scientific difference between a "dialect" and a "language", some Terminian varieties (e.g. Proper Amerhani or Utoyyi) are alternatively referred to as "languages" and "dialects".
Classification
Terminian represents the largest member of the Termic branch of the Ngerupic family. Such is its prominence that historically it was widely assumed that the Termic family consisted entirely of Terminian; it was not until the later recognition of Baridus as an independent Termic language that challenged that view.
The recognition of the Termic branch as a member of the wider Ngerupic family was first hypothesised in the mid 19th century, although it was not until later that its place in the family was confirmed by studious comparison of Old Terminian with several Ngerupic varities. Previus attempts to connect Terminian to other language families had concentrated primarily on the languages of Baredina, particularly the Letsic, Adzamic and Argeyazic families.
History
Dialects and geographic distribution
Phonology
Varieties of Terminian often display considerable differences in phonetics and phonology. The standard language distinguishes a maximum of 27 consonants, 13 oral vowels, 1 nasal vowel and four diphthongs, though most varities display conisderably fewer phonemes.
The main varieties referred to are the standard varieties as spoken in Cerman and Amerhan.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Plosive/ affricate |
fortis | p | t | tʃ | c* | k | |
| lenis | b | d | ɟ* | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | fortis | f | s | ʃ | ç | χ* | h |
| fortis | v | z | ʒ* | ||||
| Approximant | central | ɹ | j | w | |||
| lateral | l | ʎ* | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | ||||||
Varieties of Terminian distinguish up to 27 distinct consonants, though depending on the dialect in question may have considerably fewer. In particular, the post-alveolar and palatal phonemes show considerable variety across the Terminian-speaking world, and many are merged or significantly modified even in formal situations.