Difference between revisions of "List of language families"

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{{under construction}}
{{construction}}


This set of lists of language families also includes language isolates, unclassified languages, extinct language groups, and signed languages.
This set of lists of language families also includes language isolates, unclassified languages, extinct language groups, and signed languages.
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==Language families==
==Language families==
{{See also|List of languages by total amount of speakers}}
{{See also|List of languages by total amount of speakers}}
In the following chart, each row is a recognized language family, with data on how many languages belong to each family, which regions they are primarily spoken in and by how many people. Note that only extant languages are counted, no extinct ones. Thus, a family can have one language if the other languages have gone extinct.
In the following chart, each row is a recognized language family, with data on how many languages belong to each family, which regions they are primarily spoken in and by how many people as a first language. Note that only extant languages are counted, no extinct ones. Thus, a family can have one language if the other languages have gone extinct.


{| class="wikitable sortable" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center;"
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!Proposed parent family
!Proposed parent family
|-
|-
|[[Adzamic languages|Adzo-Neviran languages]]
|[[Aitic languages]]
|
|
|
|
|[[Ekuosia]], [[Puzimm]]
|[[Atsiq]]
|[[Ekuo-Lahiri languages]]
|
|-
|-
|[[Alpic languages]]
|[[Alpic languages]]
Line 28: Line 28:
|-
|-
|[[Amaian languages]]
|[[Amaian languages]]
|10
|35,000,000
|[[Vaniua]], [[Parshita]]
|
|
|-
|[[Ambaroid languages]]
|5 – 10(?)
|
|
|[[Vaniua]], [[Parshita]]
|[[Nagu]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Argeyazic languages]]
|[[Argeyazic languages]]
|
|2
|
|175,000,000
|[[Ekuosia]]
|[[Ekuosia]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Asuranesian languages]]
|[[Asuranesian languages]]
|
|10+
|
|
|[[Asuranesia]], [[Nagu]]
|[[Asuranesia]], [[Nagu]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Atruozan languages]]
|[[Baitaar languages]]
|
|2+
|?
|[[Vaniua]], [[Parshita]]
|
|
|[[South Baredina]], [[Ystel]]
|[[Ystelo-Atruozan languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Baredan languages]]
|[[Baredan languages]]
| 4
| 55,208,000
|[[Ekuosia]]
|
|
|-
|[[Bavkiri languages]]
|
|
|[[South Baredina]]
|100,000,000
|[[Boroso]], [[Ekuosia]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Bavkir languages]]
|[[Cathani languages]]
|21+
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|
|
|[[Upper Boroso]], [[Ekuosia]]
|-
|[[Dagyelic languages]]
|3+
|
|[[Nagu]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Cathani languages]]
|[[Darkinic languages]]
|
|
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Soltenna]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Colian languages]]
|[[Draconic Languages]]
|3
|
|[[Nagu]]
|
|
|-
|[[East Mirarian languages]]
|50+
|50,000,000+
|[[Northern Miraria]], [[Parshita]]
|
|
|[[Soltenna]]
|-
|[[Ekuo-Lahiri languages]]
|15
|350,000,000
|[[Ekuosia]], [[Puzimm]], [[Lahan]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Daleic languages]]
|[[Garsenian languages]]
|
|
|
|
|[[Ekuosia]], [[Puzimm]], [[Parshita]]
|[[Alpa]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Darkinic languages]]
|[[Gulai languages]]
|15
|
|[[Nagu]]
|
|
|-
|[[Hesanic languages]]
|1+
|
|
|[[Soltenna]]
|[[Soltenna]]
Line 88: Line 124:
|-
|-
|[[Jö-Ku languages]]
|[[Jö-Ku languages]]
|
|4
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Parshita]]
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|-
|-
|[[Kencha languages]]
|[[Kencha languages]]
|2
|2,000
|[[Puzimm]]
|
|
|-
|[[Konaaczinh languages]]
|2
|
|
|[[Puzimm]]
|[[Boroso]]
|
|
|-
|-
Line 110: Line 152:
|[[Ekuosia]]
|[[Ekuosia]]
|
|
|-
|[[Lahiri languages]]
|
|
|[[Lahan]]
|[[Ekuo-Lahiri languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Letsic languages]]
|[[Letsic languages]]
|
|8
|
|400,000,000
|[[Ekuosia]]
|[[Ekuosia]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Maakpauean languages]]
|[[Maakpauean languages]]
|5
|5,000,000
|[[Northern Miraria]]
|
|
|-
|[[Maedim languages]]
|4
|
|
|[[North Miraria]]
|[[Puzimm]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Methic languages]]
|[[Maithic languages]]
|1+
|
|
|[[Soltenna]], [[Northern Miraria]]
|
|
|[[Soltenna]]
|-
|[[Masic languages]]
|4
|
|
|[[Northern Miraria]], [[Soltenna]], [[Vaniua]]
|[[Ryamaian languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Mherdic languages]]
|[[Mherdic languages]]
|12
|250,000,000
|[[Boroso]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[Mond-Iktic languages]]
|9
|35,000,000
|[[Boroso]]
|[[Boroso]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Milevic languages]]
|[[Nademic languages]]
|3+
|
|
|[[Nagu]]
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Shaelic languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Ngerupic languages]]
|[[Ngerupic languages]]
|
|100
|
|500,000,000
|[[Akulanen]], [[Soltenna]], [[Ekuosia]]
|[[Akulanen]], [[Soltenna]], [[Ekuosia]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Ngutanic languages]]
|[[Orenahnian languages]]
|17
|~50,000,000
|[[Boroso]]
|
|
|-
|[[Paroan languages]]
|4
|
|
|[[Upper Boroso]]
|[[Parshita]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Õlukalic languages]]
|[[Prra-Blen languages]]
|
|
|50,000,000 (doot pending)
|[[Nagu]]
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|-
|[[KamPatuk languages]]
|4
|50,000
|[[Northern Miraria]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Otjesi-Lonish languages]]
|[[Pink languages]]
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
|[[Pagaks languages]]
|[[Rartakan languages]]
|
|220
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Parshita]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Palawe languages]]
|[[Rietic languages]]
|
|
|
|
|[[Ekuosia]]
|[[Soltenna]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Paroan languages]]
|[[Ruic languages]]
|
|1+
|
|?
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Soltenna]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Q'eb languages]]
|[[Sangmian languages]]
|
|6
|8,000,000
|[[Boroso]]
|
|
|[[Ekuosia]]
|[[Ekuo-Lahiri languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Quatic languages]]
|[[Sevaric languages]]
|
|
|
|
|[[Northwest Miraria]]
|[[Nagu]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Rartakan languages]]
|[[Shaelic languages]]
|11+
|74,000,000+
|[[Parshita]], [[Tlukeria]]
|
|
|-
|[[Sirchak languages]]
|2
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Northern Miraria]], [[Soltenna]]
|
|[[Ryamaian languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Rietic languages]]
|
|
|[[Soltenna]]
|
|-
|-
|[[Saru-Asuran languages]]
|[[South Nagu languages]]
|
|
|
|
|[[Lahan]], [[Asuranesia]]
|[[Nagu]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Shekkuan languages]]
|[[South Qeerlic languages]]
|
|15+
|15,000,000+
|[[Boroso]]
|
|
|[[Shekku]]
|[[Shaelic languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Sitr languages]]
|[[Theweric languages]]
|
|20+
|100,000,000
|[[Boroso]]
|
|
|[[Soltenna]]
|[[Sitr-Yenan languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Taantic languages]]
|[[Tiengic languages]]
|1
|
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Upper Boroso]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Theweric languages]]
|[[Trans-Ebo-Puzimm languages]]
|
|
|
|
|[[Upper Boroso]]
|[[Puzimm]], [[Lahan]], [[Ystel]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Tiengic languages]]
|[[Tulipi-Lakup languages]]
|
|3
|
|5,000
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Northern Miraria]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Tlukeric languages]]
|[[Upper Borosan languages]]
|10?
|~100,000,000
|[[Boroso]]
|
|
|
|[[Parshita]]
|[[Shaelic languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Vaniuan languages]]
|[[Vaniuan languages]]
|
|20
|
|502,000,000
|[[Vaniua]]
|[[Vaniua]]
|[[Ryamaian languages]]
|-
|[[Vemkha languages]]
|3
|6,400
|[[Northern Miraria]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Varkanic languages]]
|[[Yaharan languages]]
| 3
|
|
|
|[[Boroso]]
|[[Draconic Sea Islands]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Voontic languages]]
|[[Yanomi languages]]
| 2
|18-22
| 11,000
|17,220,000
|[[Vaniua]]
|[[South Baredina]]
|[[Amaian-Voontic languages]] (not commonly accepted)
|-
|-
|[[Xhovian languages]]
|[[Yennodorian languages]]
| 5
|
|[[Boroso]]
|
|
|-
|[[Yisi languages]]
|3
|
|
|[[South Baredina]]
|[[Puzimm]]
|
|
|-
|-
|[[Yenan languages]]
|[[Ystelo-Atruozan languages]]
|
|
|
|[[South Baredina]], [[Ystel]]
|
|
|[[Soltenna]]
|[[Sitr-Yenan languages]]
|-
|-
|[[Ystellic languages]]
|[[Yucho languages]]
|
|4
|25,000
|[[Northern Miraria]]
|
|
|[[Ystel]]
|[[Ystelo-Atruozan languages]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
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==Language isolates==
==Language isolates==
[[Language isolate]]s are languages which are not part of any known family and they can be alternatively described as being its sole representative.
[[Language isolate]]s are languages which are not part of any known family and they can be alternatively described as being its sole representative.
===Akulanen===
*[[Kwalia language|Kwalia]]
===Atsiq===
*[[Jáhkarrá language|Jáhkarrá]]


===Baredina===
===Baredina===
*[[Kavahiri language]]
*[[Kavahiri language|Kavahiri]]
*[[Mbare language|Mbare]]
*[[Jallo language|Jallo]]


===Boroso===
===Boroso===
*[[Mbamigi language]]
*[[Aktari language|Aktari]]


===Miraria===
===Miraria===
*[[Carhinese language]]
*[[Doktakur language|Doktakur]]
*[[Doktakur language]]
*[[Vemkha languages|Vemkha]]: a small dialect cluster, occasionally considered a language family.
*[[Ov language]]
*[[Vodholk language|Vodholk]]
*[[Vodholk language]]
*[[Yucho languages|Yucho]]: alternatively classified as a small language family or as a single language with several divergent dialects.
*[[Way language]]


===Nagu===
*[[Pafika language|Pafika]] - Possibly extinct
*[[Taliga language|Taliga]] - Around 200k speakers
*[[Tigi language|Tigi]]
*[[Tzula language|Tzula]]


==Unclassified languages==
==Unclassified languages==
Languages are considered unclassified either because, for one reason or another, little effort has been made to compare them with other languages or more commonly, because they are too poorly documented to permit reliable classification: most such languages are extinct and, most likely, will never be known well enough to classify.
Languages are considered unclassified either because, for one reason or another, little effort has been made to compare them with other languages or more commonly, because they are too poorly documented to permit reliable classification: most such languages are extinct and, most likely, will never be known well enough to classify.


===Miraria===
*[[Naqui Basin language]]
*[[Xuni substrate language]]


==Extinct families and unclassified languages==
==Extinct families and unclassified languages==
Line 326: Line 419:
!Proposed parent family
!Proposed parent family
|-
|-
|[[Chikishon languages]]
|[[Halarian language]]
|2
|1
|5th century CE
|5th century BCE
|Central [[Magali]]
|[[Azerin]], [[Barradiwa]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Ngerupic languages]] (not commonly accepted)
|[[Ekuo-Lahiri languages]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


 
==Creoles and mixed languages==
==Other language classifications==
The classification of languages into families, assumes that all of them develop from a single parent proto-language and evolve over time into different daughter language(s). While the vast majority of tongues fit this description fairly well, there are exceptions.
A mixed language often refers to a particular combination of existing ones, which may stem from different families: a pidgin is a simple language used for communication between groups; this may involve simplification and/or mixing of multiple languages. When a pidgin develops into a more stable language which children learn from birth, it is usually called a "creole."


===Termic creoles===
===Termic creoles===
===Shohuanese creoles===


==Sign languages==
==Sign languages==
Line 349: Line 436:
The family relationships of sign languages are not well established due to a lag in linguistic research, and many are isolates.
The family relationships of sign languages are not well established due to a lag in linguistic research, and many are isolates.
Some established sign language families include:
Some established sign language families include:
* [[Silent languages]] (sign languages derived from [[Magali]]'s [[Silent Tongue]].
* [[Silent languages]] (sign languages derived from [[Magali]]'s [[Silent Tongue]]).


Sign language isolates include:
Sign language isolates include:
* [[Vodholk language|Manual Vodholk]] ([[Achiyitqana]])
* [[Vodholk language|Manual Vodholk]] ([[Achiyitqana]])
* [[Pomvonuka]] ([[Rovenia]] and [[Madinia]])




Latest revision as of 01:07, 26 January 2024

This set of lists of language families also includes language isolates, unclassified languages, extinct language groups, and signed languages.

Language families

See also: List of languages by total amount of speakers

In the following chart, each row is a recognized language family, with data on how many languages belong to each family, which regions they are primarily spoken in and by how many people as a first language. Note that only extant languages are counted, no extinct ones. Thus, a family can have one language if the other languages have gone extinct.

Family name Languages Current speakers Location Proposed parent family
Aitic languages Atsiq
Alpic languages Alpa
Amaian languages 10 35,000,000 Vaniua, Parshita
Ambaroid languages 5 – 10(?) Nagu
Argeyazic languages 2 175,000,000 Ekuosia
Asuranesian languages 10+ Asuranesia, Nagu
Baitaar languages 2+ ? Vaniua, Parshita
Baredan languages 4 55,208,000 Ekuosia
Bavkiri languages 100,000,000 Boroso, Ekuosia
Cathani languages 21+ Parshita
Dagyelic languages 3+ Nagu
Darkinic languages Soltenna
Draconic Languages 3 Nagu
East Mirarian languages 50+ 50,000,000+ Northern Miraria, Parshita
Ekuo-Lahiri languages 15 350,000,000 Ekuosia, Puzimm, Lahan
Garsenian languages Alpa
Gulai languages 15 Nagu
Hesanic languages 1+ Soltenna
Jö-Ku languages 4 Parshita
Kame languages Parshita
Kencha languages 2 2,000 Puzimm
Konaaczinh languages 2 Boroso
Kõ languages Ekuosia
Letsic languages 8 400,000,000 Ekuosia
Maakpauean languages 5 5,000,000 Northern Miraria
Maedim languages 4 Puzimm
Maithic languages 1+ Soltenna, Northern Miraria
Masic languages 4 Northern Miraria, Soltenna, Vaniua Ryamaian languages
Mherdic languages 12 250,000,000 Boroso
Mond-Iktic languages 9 35,000,000 Boroso
Nademic languages 3+ Nagu
Ngerupic languages 100 500,000,000 Akulanen, Soltenna, Ekuosia
Orenahnian languages 17 ~50,000,000 Boroso
Paroan languages 4 Parshita
Prra-Blen languages 50,000,000 (doot pending) Nagu
KamPatuk languages 4 50,000 Northern Miraria
Pink languages Ekuosia
Rartakan languages 220 Parshita
Rietic languages Soltenna
Ruic languages 1+ ? Soltenna
Sangmian languages 6 8,000,000 Boroso
Sevaric languages Nagu
Shaelic languages 11+ 74,000,000+ Parshita, Tlukeria
Sirchak languages 2 Northern Miraria, Soltenna Ryamaian languages
South Nagu languages Nagu
South Qeerlic languages 15+ 15,000,000+ Boroso
Theweric languages 20+ 100,000,000 Boroso
Tiengic languages 1 Parshita
Trans-Ebo-Puzimm languages Puzimm, Lahan, Ystel
Tulipi-Lakup languages 3 5,000 Northern Miraria
Upper Borosan languages 10? ~100,000,000 Boroso
Vaniuan languages 20 502,000,000 Vaniua Ryamaian languages
Vemkha languages 3 6,400 Northern Miraria
Yaharan languages 3 Boroso
Yanomi languages 18-22 17,220,000 South Baredina
Yennodorian languages 5 Boroso
Yisi languages 3 Puzimm
Ystelo-Atruozan languages South Baredina, Ystel
Yucho languages 4 25,000 Northern Miraria

Language isolates

Language isolates are languages which are not part of any known family and they can be alternatively described as being its sole representative.

Akulanen

Atsiq

Baredina

Boroso

Miraria

  • Doktakur
  • Vemkha: a small dialect cluster, occasionally considered a language family.
  • Vodholk
  • Yucho: alternatively classified as a small language family or as a single language with several divergent dialects.

Nagu

Unclassified languages

Languages are considered unclassified either because, for one reason or another, little effort has been made to compare them with other languages or more commonly, because they are too poorly documented to permit reliable classification: most such languages are extinct and, most likely, will never be known well enough to classify.

Miraria

Extinct families and unclassified languages

This section lists extinct languages and families which have no known living relatives; while a minority of these is well known but still classified as genetically independent, the lack of attestation makes many of these hard to put into larger groups.

Name Languages Year of death Location Well-attested? Proposed parent family
Halarian language 1 5th century BCE Azerin, Barradiwa Yes Ekuo-Lahiri languages

Creoles and mixed languages

Termic creoles

Sign languages

See also: List of sign languages

The family relationships of sign languages are not well established due to a lag in linguistic research, and many are isolates. Some established sign language families include:

Sign language isolates include:

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