Difference between revisions of "Kwalia language"

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name          = Tayam
|name          = Kwalia
|altname      =  
|altname      = Tayam, To'ong
|nativename    =  
|nativename    = ''kwalẽa''
|pronunciation =  
|pronunciation = [kʷaˈlɛ̃ã]
|states =  
|states = Awating
|region        = southern [[Awating]]
|region        = southern [[Awating]] (Nguxi Province, Nąnim Province)
|latd  =  | latm  = | latNS  =  <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction -->
|latd  =  | latm  = | latNS  =  <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction -->
|longd =  | longm = | longEW =  <!-- longitude degrees/minutes/direction -->
|longd =  | longm = | longEW =  <!-- longitude degrees/minutes/direction -->
|ethnicity    = Tayam
|ethnicity    = Kwalia
|speakers      = 590
|speakers      = 3,900
|date          = 2020
|date          = 2020
|familycolor  = isolate
|familycolor  = isolate
|family        = Language isolate
|family        = [[wikipedia:Language_isolate|Isolate]]
|posteriori    =  
|posteriori    =  
|dia1          =  
|dia1          =  
|dialects      =  
|dialects      =  
|script        =  
|script        = [[Letso-Terminian script]]
|nation        =  
|nation        = none
|agency        =  
|agency        =  
|iso3          =  
|iso3          = wkl
|image        =  
|image        =  
|imagesize    =  
|imagesize    =  
Line 26: Line 25:
|imagecaption  =  
|imagecaption  =  
|imageheader  =  
|imageheader  =  
|map          =
|map          = TayamLocation.png
|mapsize      =  
|mapsize      = 300px
|mapalt        =  
|mapalt        =  
|mapcaption    =
|mapcaption    = {{center|The location of the Kwalia-speaking area in [[Awating]], viewed within [[Akulanen]].}}
}}
}}


<!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------[    HEY YOU      YEAH YOU, PERSON WRITING THIS PAGE, READ THIS    ]------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'''Kwalia''', additionally known as ''Tayam'' and ''To'ong'', is a language isolate spoken by about 3,900 people in southeastern [[Awating]]. The Kwalia-speaking area consists of about a dozen small villages within a subtropical valley stretching across Nguxi and Nąnim Provinces in Awating. It is the only recorded living non-[[Ngerupic languages|Ngerupic]] language in [[Akulanen]].


This page should be an IN-UNIVERSE description of the language. It is also NOT the primary documentation site of your language. This is not your descriptive grammar, this is a wikipedia style page for (for the most part) non-linguists, which means I don't want pages of paradigm tables or hour long write ups of the intricacies of relativisation on demoted inverted objects in locational clauses.
==Classification and number of speakers==
Kwalia has been proven to be a language isolate, unrelated to any other languages. There have been numerous controversies about its classification, stemming from prior lack of reliable information about the language. However, as the Kwalia-speaking area became more accessible and more recent data was obtained, the few scholars studying the language began to question their earlier classifications, and Kwalia remains yet to be conclusively classified; current scholarly consensus and data suggest that Kwalia is a language isolate. Kwalia is also unusual in that, despite [[Awating]]'s repressive and hostile indigenous language policy, the language's vitality is stable and even vigorous; despite the small size of the speech community, many Kwalia are monolingual or speak little Awatese, rates of inter-generational transmission are very high, and the speakerbase generally lacks a negative attitude toward the language. Kwalia is spoken natively by about 3,900 people across several villages in Awating.


Start writing your page here, with a general introduction and basic facts about the language (when and where its spoken, by who and how many, a brief history)
From when study of the language began in the early 1960s to about 2014, very little reliable data was available about the language, due to the relative inaccessibility and isolation of the Kwalia-speaking area as well as the small number of speakers. While the sparse data did suggest that it may have been an isolate, linguists at the time generally classified Kwali as a Ngerupic language, owing to a few shared areal features in common with the Ngerupic languages of Awating as well as some loanwords from neighboring languages. Some scholars have also claimed that Kwalia was invented by groups of rural bandits as a method of concealing information, citing its areally unusual phonology and grammar and lack of consensus about the language's origins.


-->
Linguist [[Amang Řąziya Ngunrą Zahang]] has posited that Kwalia is related to the [[Ngigu language]] of southern coastal Awating, and therefore related to the [[Abugo languages]] of [[Lahan]] via an Umo-Abugo language macrofamily. Neither proposal has been accepted by mainstream academia.
 
==Classification==
<!-- what language family is the language in? why is it classified in that family? -->
 
== History ==
 
<!-- What is the history of the language?
Where did it come from, who spoke it originally, how has it spread, what contact has it had with other languages ? -->


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Phonemes===


<!-- What sounds does your language use?
====Consonants====
Example headings:
 
Phonemes
Allophony
Syllable structure
Stress


If necessary this can be split into its own article
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
|- style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;"
-->
!  
 
! Bilabial/<br />Labiodental
===Phonemes===
! Alveolar
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Palatal/<br />Retroflex
! style="width: 68px; "|
! Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! Labialized<br />velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! Glottal
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Nasal
|  
| m
|  
| n
|  
| ɲ
|  
| ŋ
|  
| ŋʷ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Plosive
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
| t
| ʈ
| k
| kʷ
| ʔ
|-
|-
! style="" |Fricative
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Fricative
|
|
|
|  
|  
| s
| ʂ
|  
|  
|  
|  
| h
|-
|-
! style="" |Approximant
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Approximant/Tap
|  
| ⱱ
|
|  
|  
| ɭ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
====Vowels====
! style="width: 90px; "|
 
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
|- style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;"
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
!  
! Front
! Back
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Close
|  
| i
|  
| u
|  
|-
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Oral open-mid
| ɛ
| ɔ
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Nasal open-mid
|
| ɛ̃
|  
| ɔ̃
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Open
|  
| a
|
|  
|  
|}
|}
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->


==Morphology and syntax==
==Morphology and syntax==
<!--
For morphology consider how the words in your language look, how do you derive words from others, do you have cases, are verbs inflected, do nouns differ from adjectives, do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:


Nouns
==Vocabulary==
Verbs
Derivational morphology


For syntax consider things like word order and construction of clauses.
-->


==Vocabulary==
==Further reading==


==Writing and literature==
{{Language families of Miraria}}
<!-- How is the language written? What literature is there written in the language? -->
{{Language families}}


[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Language isolates]]
[[Category:Language isolates of Akulanen]]
[[Category:Awating]]

Latest revision as of 14:46, 28 June 2023

Kwalia
Tayam, To'ong
kwalẽa
Pronunciation[kʷaˈlɛ̃ã]
Regionsouthern Awating (Nguxi Province, Nąnim Province)
EthnicityKwalia
Native speakers3,900  (2020)
Language family
Writing systemLetso-Terminian script
Official status
Official language innone
CWS codewkl
TayamLocation.png
The location of the Kwalia-speaking area in Awating, viewed within Akulanen.

Kwalia, additionally known as Tayam and To'ong, is a language isolate spoken by about 3,900 people in southeastern Awating. The Kwalia-speaking area consists of about a dozen small villages within a subtropical valley stretching across Nguxi and Nąnim Provinces in Awating. It is the only recorded living non-Ngerupic language in Akulanen.

Classification and number of speakers

Kwalia has been proven to be a language isolate, unrelated to any other languages. There have been numerous controversies about its classification, stemming from prior lack of reliable information about the language. However, as the Kwalia-speaking area became more accessible and more recent data was obtained, the few scholars studying the language began to question their earlier classifications, and Kwalia remains yet to be conclusively classified; current scholarly consensus and data suggest that Kwalia is a language isolate. Kwalia is also unusual in that, despite Awating's repressive and hostile indigenous language policy, the language's vitality is stable and even vigorous; despite the small size of the speech community, many Kwalia are monolingual or speak little Awatese, rates of inter-generational transmission are very high, and the speakerbase generally lacks a negative attitude toward the language. Kwalia is spoken natively by about 3,900 people across several villages in Awating.

From when study of the language began in the early 1960s to about 2014, very little reliable data was available about the language, due to the relative inaccessibility and isolation of the Kwalia-speaking area as well as the small number of speakers. While the sparse data did suggest that it may have been an isolate, linguists at the time generally classified Kwali as a Ngerupic language, owing to a few shared areal features in common with the Ngerupic languages of Awating as well as some loanwords from neighboring languages. Some scholars have also claimed that Kwalia was invented by groups of rural bandits as a method of concealing information, citing its areally unusual phonology and grammar and lack of consensus about the language's origins.

Linguist Amang Řąziya Ngunrą Zahang has posited that Kwalia is related to the Ngigu language of southern coastal Awating, and therefore related to the Abugo languages of Lahan via an Umo-Abugo language macrofamily. Neither proposal has been accepted by mainstream academia.

Phonology

Phonemes

Consonants

Bilabial/
Labiodental 		Alveolar Palatal/
Retroflex 		Velar Labialized
velar 		Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ
Plosive t ʈ k kʷ ʔ
Fricative s ʂ h
Approximant/Tap ⱱ ɭ

Vowels

Front Back
Close i u
Oral open-mid ɛ ɔ
Nasal open-mid ɛ̃ ɔ̃
Open a

Phonotactics

Morphology and syntax

Vocabulary

Further reading

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