Difference between revisions of "Kwalia language"
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = | |name = To'ong | ||
|altname = | |altname = | ||
|nativename = ''ɔqʌˀn'' | |nativename = ''ɔqʌˀn'' | ||
| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
|latd = | latm = | latNS = <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | |latd = | latm = | latNS = <!-- latitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | ||
|longd = | longm = | longEW = <!-- longitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | |longd = | longm = | longEW = <!-- longitude degrees/minutes/direction --> | ||
|ethnicity = | |ethnicity = To'ong | ||
|speakers = 3,900 | |speakers = 3,900 | ||
|date = 2020 | |date = 2020 | ||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
|mapsize = 300px | |mapsize = 300px | ||
|mapalt = | |mapalt = | ||
|mapcaption = {{center|The location of the | |mapcaption = {{center|The location of the To'ong-speaking area in [[Awating]], viewed within [[Akulanen]].}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
''' | '''To'ong''' is a language isolate spoken by about 3,900 people in southeastern [[Awating]]. The To'ong-speaking area consists of about a dozen small villages within a subtropical valley stretching across Nguxi and Nąnim Provinces in Awating. It is the only recorded living non-[[Ngerupic languages|Ngerupic]] language in [[Akulanen]]. | ||
==Classification and number of speakers== | ==Classification and number of speakers== | ||
To'ong has been proven to be a language isolate, unrelated to any other languages. There have been numerous controversies about its classification, stemming from prior lack of reliable information about the language. However, as the To'ong-speaking area became more accessible and more recent data was obtained, the few scholars studying the language began to question their earlier classifications, and To'ong remains yet to be conclusively classified; current scholarly consensus and data suggest that To'ong is a language isolate. To'ong is also unusual in that, despite [[Awating]]'s repressive and hostile indigenous language policy, the language's vitality is stable and even vigorous; despite the small size of the speech community, many To'ong are monolingual or speak little Awatese, rates of inter-generational transmission are very high, and the speakerbase generally lacks a negative attitude toward the language. To'ong is spoken natively by about 3,900 people across several villages in Awating. | |||
From when study of the language began in the early 1960s to about 2014, very little reliable data was available about the language, due to the relative inaccessibility and isolation of the | From when study of the language began in the early 1960s to about 2014, very little reliable data was available about the language, due to the relative inaccessibility and isolation of the To'ong-speaking area as well as the small number of speakers. While the sparse data did suggest that it may have been an isolate, linguists at the time generally classified To'ong as a Ngerupic language, owing to a few shared areal features in common with the Ngerupic languages of Awating as well as some loanwords from neighboring languages. Some scholars have also claimed that To'ong was invented by groups of rural bandits as a method of concealing information, citing its areally unusual phonology and grammar and lack of consensus about the language's origins. | ||
Linguist [[Amang Řąziya Ngunrą Zahang]] has posited that | Linguist [[Amang Řąziya Ngunrą Zahang]] has posited that To'ong is related to the [[Ngigu language]] of southern coastal Awating, and therefore related to the [[Abugo languages]] of [[Lahan]] via an Umo-Abugo language macrofamily. Neither proposal has been accepted by mainstream academia. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Revision as of 04:55, 10 February 2023
| To'ong | |
|---|---|
| ɔqʌˀn | |
| Pronunciation | [ɔqʌˀn] |
| Region | southern Awating (Nguxi Province, Nąnim Province) |
| Ethnicity | To'ong |
| Native speakers | 3,900 (2020) |
| Language family | |
| Writing system | Letso-Terminian script |
| Official status | |
| Official language in | none |
| CWS code | ytm |
 | |
To'ong is a language isolate spoken by about 3,900 people in southeastern Awating. The To'ong-speaking area consists of about a dozen small villages within a subtropical valley stretching across Nguxi and Nąnim Provinces in Awating. It is the only recorded living non-Ngerupic language in Akulanen.
Classification and number of speakers
To'ong has been proven to be a language isolate, unrelated to any other languages. There have been numerous controversies about its classification, stemming from prior lack of reliable information about the language. However, as the To'ong-speaking area became more accessible and more recent data was obtained, the few scholars studying the language began to question their earlier classifications, and To'ong remains yet to be conclusively classified; current scholarly consensus and data suggest that To'ong is a language isolate. To'ong is also unusual in that, despite Awating's repressive and hostile indigenous language policy, the language's vitality is stable and even vigorous; despite the small size of the speech community, many To'ong are monolingual or speak little Awatese, rates of inter-generational transmission are very high, and the speakerbase generally lacks a negative attitude toward the language. To'ong is spoken natively by about 3,900 people across several villages in Awating.
From when study of the language began in the early 1960s to about 2014, very little reliable data was available about the language, due to the relative inaccessibility and isolation of the To'ong-speaking area as well as the small number of speakers. While the sparse data did suggest that it may have been an isolate, linguists at the time generally classified To'ong as a Ngerupic language, owing to a few shared areal features in common with the Ngerupic languages of Awating as well as some loanwords from neighboring languages. Some scholars have also claimed that To'ong was invented by groups of rural bandits as a method of concealing information, citing its areally unusual phonology and grammar and lack of consensus about the language's origins.
Linguist Amang Řąziya Ngunrą Zahang has posited that To'ong is related to the Ngigu language of southern coastal Awating, and therefore related to the Abugo languages of Lahan via an Umo-Abugo language macrofamily. Neither proposal has been accepted by mainstream academia.
Phonology
Phonemes
Consonants
| Bilabial/ Labiodental |
Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Labiovelar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Tenuis plosive | t | k | q | ʔ | |||
| Prenasalized plosive | ᵐb | ⁿd | |||||
| Fricative | f | s | ʃ | h | |||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ | ||||||
| Approximant | l | j | ʟ | w |
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i iˀ | u uˀ |
| Open-mid | ɛ ɛˀ | ʌ ʌˀ ɔ ɔˀ |